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Pharm Exam 2 > neurotransmitters/synapses in depth > Flashcards

neurotransmitters/synapses in depth Flashcards

1
Q

how many main classes of neurotransmitters are there

A

6

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2
Q

ester class of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine

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3
Q

monamines class of neurotransmitters

A

norepi, serotonin, dopamine, epi

aka the catecholamines

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4
Q

amino acids class of neurotransmitters

A

glutamate and GABA

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5
Q

purine class of neurotransmitters

A

adenosine, ATP

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6
Q

peptides class of neurotransmitters

A

substance P and endorphins

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7
Q

inorganic gases class of neurotransmitters

A

nitric oxide

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8
Q

CNS neurotransmitters that are in emotion

A

norepi

dopamine

serotonin

reduction in any of these means you cannot feel the FULL range of emotions

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9
Q

norepi effect on emotion

A

found in the brain and autonomic nervous system

low amounts can cause reduced mood and low energy levels

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10
Q

dopamine effect on emotion

A

rewarding, pleasurable, feel good chemical

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11
Q

serotonin effect on emotion

A

low levels= depression

also a feel good chemical

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12
Q

chemical synapse

A

releases neurotransmitters

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13
Q

electrical synapse

A

faster transmission, gap junctions, in the heart

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14
Q

en passant synapses

A

in CNS, axons have swellings that release neurotransmitters instead of being released at end of axon

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15
Q

4 fates of a neurotransmitter at a synapse

A

1) diffuses away into blood or surrounding tissue

2) degraded by enzymes

3) uptake into the presynpatic cell that released it

4) uptake into surrounding cells

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16
Q

How do excitatory neurotransmitters work

A

causes increased Na+ permeability leading to depolarization and excitation–> excitatory postsynpatic potential (EPSP)

example is glutamate

17
Q

how do inhibitory neurotransmitters work

A

causes increased chlorine(Cl-) permeability leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition(inhibitory postsynaptic potential–> IPSP)

example is GABA and glycine

18
Q

where is acetylcholine synthesized

A

in the cytoplasm of cell releasing it

19
Q

what produces acetyl CoA

A

mitochondria

20
Q

where is choline taken from

A

the diet

example is eggs

21
Q

describe how choline comes into the neuron

A

CHT(choline transporter) brings choline into neuro by transporting Na in and choline follows sodium

22
Q

inside the neuron what and how is Ach made

A

ChAT(choline acetyltransferase) inside the neuron makes Ach by combing Acetyl-CoA and choline

23
Q

where is acetylcholine stored inside the neuron and how does it get there

A

VAT(vesicular Ach transporter) transports Ach into storage vesicles

24
Q

about how much Ach is in a storage vesicle

A

1000-50000 Ach per vesicle

25
Q

what complex anchors vesicles near synapse

A

SNARE complex

syntaxin and SNAP 25 associated with the vesicle

VAMP(vesicular associated membrane protein) is part of the synaptic membrane

26
Q

what ion floods in and facilitates Ach extocytosis into synapse

A

Ca floods in and binds to synaptoagmin to facilitate rapid Ach exocytosis

27
Q

describe the steps of acetylcholine being made and released and then what breaks it down in the synapse

A

1) acetylchole synthesized in the cytoplasm by choline (taken from the diet and transported into the cell via CHT) and Acetyl CoA(produced by mitochondria) by the enzyme ChAT(choline acetyltransferase)

2) Ach transported into storage vesicles by VAT(vesicular Ach transporter)

3) vesicles are ANCHORED to synaptic membrane by the SNARE complex

4) Ca comes floods into cell and binds to synaptotagmin which facilitates rapid Ach exocytosis(FUSION) into synapse

5) acetylcholinesterase breaks down Ach in synapse (cleavage)

28
Q

what is norepinephrine made from

A

tyrosine

29
Q

what transporter puts norepi into storage vesicles

A

VMAT–> vesicular monamine transporter

30
Q

what releases norepi from VMAT

A

Calcium entering presynaptic neuron

31
Q

what degrades norepi

A

MAO–> monamine oxidase

32
Q

what puts norepi back into synaptic neuron after being released

A

NET–> norepi transporter

33
Q

List 7 ways the drug can alter the synapse’s role

A

by targetting

1) neurotransmitter synthesis
2) storage of neurotransmitter via vesicles
3)vesicle secretion
4) vesicle cycling and endocytosis
5) reuptake of neurotransmitter
6) biotransformation of neurotransmitter
7) target receptor

Pharm Exam 2 (9 decks)

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