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Intro Neuro > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor?

A

receptor protein that HAS an ion channel that opens when the receptor is bound

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2
Q

What is metabotropic receptor?

A

receptor protein that DOES NOT HAVE an ion channel but when activated, may utilize a second-messenger system to open nearby ion channels or produce other cellular effects

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3
Q

Example of ionotropic receptor?

A

GABA receptor

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4
Q

Example of metabotropic receptor?

A

G protein coupled receptor

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5
Q

What are the principles of neurotransmitters?

A

1) It is SYNTHESIZED by presynaptic neurons
2) RELEASED when AP reach the terminals
3) RECOGNIZED by specific receptors on postsynaptic membrane
4) causes CHANGES in postsynaptic neuron
5) BLOCKING its release interferes with ability of the presynaptic neuron to affect the postsynaptic neuron

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6
Q

What is amino acid neurotransmitter?

A

most abundant, neurotransmitters that is an amino acid (GABA, glutamate)

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7
Q

What is glutamate?

A

Amino acid neurotransmitter; most widespread EXCITATORY ntrans in brain; plays role in synaptic plasticity (cognitive function like learning and memory); involved in long term potentiation (persistent strengthening of plasticity)

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8
Q

What is GABA?

A

amino acid ntrans, most widespread INHIBITORY ntrans in brain; muscle relaxation, sleep induction

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9
Q

Synaptic delay?

A

Brief delay between the arrival of AP at presynaptic axon terminal and creation of postsynaptic potential; time it takes for voltage-gated Ca+2 ion channels to open, Ca+2 to get in, and synaptic vesicles to fuse with membrane

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10
Q

Synaptic vesicles?

A

small sphere structures containing molecules of ntrans, located in presynaptic axon terminal and fuse with membrane to release ntrans

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11
Q

Synaptic cleft?

A

Space between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells at a synapse; where ntrans is released into

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12
Q

What is degradation?

A

transmitter molecules rapidly broken down and inactivated by specific enzymes

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13
Q

What is reuptake?

A

transmitter molecules taken back up into presynaptic terminal and reused

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14
Q

What is a transporter?

A

Specialized membrane component that returns transmitters to presynaptic terminal for reuse

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15
Q

What is first thing that happens in a synaptic action?

A

Action potential arrives and spreads over membrane (presyn)

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16
Q

What happens after the action potential in the process?

A

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open (pre)

17
Q

What happens after Ca2+ channels open?

A

Synaptic vesicles migrates to presyn membrane, fuse, rupture –> release ntrans into synaptic cleft (synaptic space)

18
Q

What happens after the ntrans leave the presynaptic membrane?

A

Ntrans bind to postsynaptic receptors (post)

19
Q

What happens after ntrans bind to postsynaptic receptors?

A

Sends IPSP or EPSP across cell membrane, then STOP and report back (sometimes)

20
Q

What is acetylcholine? (Ach)

A

amine ntrans; found in basal forebrain = major source of cholinergic projections in the brain (referring to nrns that use this as their synaptic transmitter); widespread loss associated with Alzheimer’s; nicotinic receptors, others

21
Q

What is dopamine (DA)?

A

found in midbrain + basal forebrain; 1 million out of 80 billion neurons produce it

22
Q

What is mesostriatal pathway?

A

dopaminergic projection that originates in midbrain around substantia nigra + projects to regions of basal ganglia; important in motor control

23
Q

Substantia nigra?

A

brainstem structure that innervates basal ganglia and is major source of dopaminergic projections

24
Q

Mesocorticolimbic pathway?

A

dopaminergic projection that originates in the midbrain around the ventral tegmental area + projects to various locations

25
Q

What is serotonin (5-HT)?

A

only 200,000; mood, vision, sexual behavior, anxiety, sleep

26
Q

Raphe nuclei?

A

string of nuclei in midline of midbrain and brainstem that contains most of serotonergic neurons in brain

27
Q

Norepinephrine?

A

noradrenaline; “fight or flight”; produced by locus coeruleus; neuromodulator + affects ongoing synaptic transmission + membrane properties

28
Q

Neuropeptides?

A

peptide that can act as neurotransmitter

29
Q

Opiod peptides?

A

mimics effects of morphine binding to opioid receptors; produce reward

30
Q

What is substance P?

A

another type of npeptide; regulate anx, stress

31
Q

What are npeptides used for social processes, pair-bonding, memory?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

32
Q

Gas ntrans?

A

diffuses into target well, or produced in cellular locations other than axon terminals or function as retrograde transmitters that diffuse from postsyn nrn back to presyn nrn

Intro Neuro (10 decks)

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