Exam 2 review

Question 1

How does methamphetamine work in the brain?

Answer 1

reverses function of transporter, reverses function of NET, DAT, SERT (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)

Question 2

What is the major active ingredient in cannabis that produces the “high” feeling?

Answer 2

THC

Question 3

What is the difference between A delta and C fibers?

Answer 3

A delta = myelinated, large, convey quickly, contain TRPM3 receptors (burning, noxious heat)

C fiber = unmyelinated, thin, convey more slowly, contain TRPV1 receptors (more lasting pain)

Question 4

How do sensory neurons encode intensity of sensory info?

Answer 4

number + frequency of action potentials; multiple sensory receptor cells that each specialize in a range of intensities

Question 5

What are 3 kinds of endogenous opioids?

Answer 5

enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

Question 6

Function of basal ganglia in extrapyramidal system?

Answer 6

Control amplitude + direction of movement, modulation of activity started by other brain circuit, important for movements performed by memory

Question 7

What are the two movement systems that carry info from brain to spinal cord?

Answer 7

pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems

Question 8

To which two areas of cortex does pain info travel?

Answer 8

somatosensory cortex (s1), circulate cortex (directing attention)

Question 9

What is the order of sensory processing?

Answer 9

Spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus, primary sensory cortex, non-primary sensory cortex

Question 10

How do MAOIs work?

Answer 10

block ntrans degradation (inhibit action of monoamine oxidase) –> more monoamine ntrans (DA, SHT, NE) in synapse (treat depression)

Question 11

What receptors does ketamine activate?

Answer 11

opioid and acetylcholine receptors

Question 12

What nociceptor responds to capsaicin?

Answer 12

TRPV1

Question 13

What is the difference between muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ?

Answer 13

Muscle spindle = detects stretch of muscles
Golgi tendon = detects tension of muscles

Question 14

What kind of receptors are involved in sensory adaptation?

Answer 14

progressive loss of receptor response as stimulus maintained; phasic receptors

Question 15

What are nociceptors?

Answer 15

Receptors that respond to stimuli that produce tissue damage/pose threat of damage

Question 16

What does Pacinian corpuscle sense?

Answer 16

vibration + pressure

Question 17

What is the fastest route of administration for drug delivery?

Answer 17

Central injection

Question 18

What ntrans is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 18

acetylcholine

Question 19

What is the purpose of short term pain?

Answer 19

Causes us to withdraw from the source of painful stimulus

Question 20

What are labeled lines?

Answer 20

Each nerve input to brain reports only a particular type of info; particular neurons labeled for distinct sensory experiences

Question 21

What is a partial agonist?

Answer 21

A drug, when bound to receptor, has less effect than a ligand would (produce a middling response)

Question 22

What is a synergist?

Answer 22

Muscle that acts together with another muscle

Question 23

What is an antagonist?

Answer 23

Muscle that counteracts the effect of another muscle

Question 24

What is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 24

executive regions for initiation of movement, primarily consists of pre central gyrus

Question 25

What is the non-primary motor cortex?

Answer 25

series of frontal lobe regions adjacent to primary motor cortex that contributes to motor control and modulate activity of primary motor cortex

Question 26

What happens when the pyramidal system gets damaged?

Answer 26

paralysis, weakness of voluntary movements on opposite side of body, impairment in carrying out complex movements

Question 27

What is the pyramidal system?

Answer 27

motor systems that includes neurons within cerebral cortex + axons, which pass through brainstem (form pyramidal tract)

Question 28

What is the extrapyramidal system?

Answer 28

motor system that includes basal ganglia + cerebellum

Question 29

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 29

group of several interconnected forebrain nuclei (caudate nuclei, putamen, globes pallidus) with strong inputs from substantial nigra; control amplitude and direction of movement, imp for movements performed by memory

Question 30

What is the cerebellum?

Answer 30

involved in central regulation of movement and in some forms of learning; helps establish and fine tune neural programs for skilled movements

Question 31

What happens if the extrapyramidal system is damaged?

Answer 31

affect gait, posture, ataxia, decomposition of movement

Question 32

What impacts the potency of a drug?

Answer 32

Affinity (propensity of drugs to bind to recep ; particular drugs will bind more strongly to specific receptors) + efficacy (measure of intrinsic activity or extent to which a drug activates a response when binds to a receptor)