Neurotransmitters Flashcards
1
Q
Action and type of vesicle of Gaba Glycine Glutamate Aspartate NE Adrenaline Dopamine Serotonin Histamine NO Ach ATP Neuropeptides Endocanabinoids
A
Inhibitory; small clear Inhibitory;small clear Excitatory;small clear Excitatory;small clear Excitatory and inhibitory;small dense Excitatory and inhibitory;small dense Excitatory and inhibitory;jury is out Excitatory and inhibitory; large dense Excitatory; large dense Excitatory and inhibitory ; nothing Excitatory; small clear Excitatory; small clear Excitatory and inhibitory;large dense Inhibits inhibition; nothing
2
Q
amino acids derived NTs are involved in —— synaptic transmissions while amines are involved in —— synaptic transmissions
A
Fast
Slow
3
Q
Mention 4 ways of inactivating a neurotransmitter
A
it could leave the cleft to a place where it has no action
(2) could be destroyed by specific enzymes
(3) engulfed and removed by Astrocytes (macrophages)
(4) by reuptake into the axon terminal
4
Q
Example of cotransmitters
A
Norepinephrine and adenosine
5
Q
Mention the classes of receptors and define them
A
(1) Ionotropic receptors/Ligand gated channels: the receptor servers as the channel and gives fast post synaptic responses ;short life-span
(2) metabotropic: the receptor and the ion channels are seperate;slow response;longer life span
6
Q
What is the first substance identified as NT
A
ACETYCHOLINE
7
Q
Between the brain and NMJ,where is Ach’s job more understood
A
Neuromuscular junctional
8
Q
Effect of sarin on Ach
A
inhibits Ach esterase irreversibly
9
Q
What is sarin
A
organophosphate nerve gas
Another example of organophosphate are insecticides
10
Q
Decreased Ach leads to which popular disease
A
Alzheimer’s
11
Q
Ach is synthesized from - and - in the presence of -
A
-acetyl coA+ choline in presence of choline acetyl transferase
12
Q
Which substrate of Ach is endogenous and which isn’t
And their source
A
acetyl coA (endogenous) from glycolysis -choline(exogenous)is transported with Na dependent transporter
13
Q
Ach is loaded into a vesicle by?
A
-Ach is loaded into vesicle by a vesicular transporter
VACht
14
Q
Ach has a short or long life span?
A
Short
15
Q
Types of Ach receptors
A
-muscarinic-metabotropic receptors and nicotinic-ionotropic receptors
16
Q
Where can you find muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
A
muscarinic is present on organs getting post gang para nerves and post gang sympa cholinergic nerves
-nicotinic is found in the synapse between pre and post gang para and sympa nerves. And neuromuscular junction
17
Q
Effect of muscarinic receptors on dopamine transmission
A
muscarinic receptors(2 and 4) have an inhibitory function of dopamine-mediated motor effects while muscarinic receptor 5, potentiates the activity of dopamine
18
Q
Most excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is?
A
Glutamate
19
Q
Which NT is important in excitotoxicity
A
Glutamate
20
Q
Describe excititoxicity
A
phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory neurotransmitters where prolonged activation of a receptor can lead to cell death)
21
Q
Situations that lead to excess glutamate production
A
Cells release glutamate when they get damaged like after trauma, stroke,Parkinson’s,dementia or even severe convulsion
22
Q
Ionic basis for glutamate causing cell death and damage
A
leads to swelling of cells due to excess sodium influx
leads to production of NO which could also potentiate the toxicity
over active nmda receptors lead to over influx of calcium leading to activation of protease leading to apoptosis
23
Q
List the receptors for glutamate and their function
A
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: for learning and memory
The non-nmda receptors:
Kainate receptors :for fast transmission
AMPA receptors: modulate cell excitability by gating the flow of calcium and sodium ions into the cell
24
Q
Major difference between AMPA and NMDA
A
only the sodium and potassium influx occur in AMPA receptors whereas, in NMDA receptors, calcium influx occurs in addition to sodium and potassium influx
25
Do glutamate have metabotropic or Ionotropic receptors
They have both
26
Another name for AMPA receptors
Quisqualate receptors
27
glutamine released by glial cells are taken into neurons by ———. Converted to glutamate by ——-. The glutamate is taken into vesicle by—— Glutamate released into cleft is taken back by either neurons or glial cells by ——
Excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT)
Glutaminase
vesicular glutamate transporter.
EAATs
28
Glycine’s inhibitory powers are predominant in ?
Spinal cord and brain stem
29
Effect of strychnine on glycine
Strychnine is a competitive antagonist at inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine receptors in the spinal cord, brain stem, and higher centers. It thus increases neuronal activity and excitability, leading to increased muscular activity.
Glycine receptors have a nanomolar affinity for Strychnine
30
Glycine receptors
| Ionotropic or metabotropic
Ionotropic
31
Fate of glycine is ———
| loaded into vesicles by ——. transported into glial and NEURONES by——-
Reuptake
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
glycine transporter
32
Noradrenaline controls what ?
Mood, arousal, dream and sleep patterns
33
Difference between noradrenaline and histidine and serotonin
NE has a catechol ring
Serotonin has an indole ring
Histamine has an imidazole ring
34
Parts of the brain where NE can be found
Hypothalamus, thalamus,cortex,spinal cord, brainstem, basal ganglia, and locus coreulus in lower pons, mid brain(SN and VTA), amygdala, hippocampus
35
Steps in synthesis of norepinephrine
phe to tyr (——-)
- tyr to L-dopa(——)
- dopa to dopamine (—-)
- dopamine to NE(———)
phe hydroxylase
tyr hydroxylase
dopa decarboxylase
dopamine hydroxylase
36
Fates of Norepinephrine
85% reuptake by NET
Or degraded by comt and mao
37
Full meaning of COMT and MAO
Catechol-O-methyl transferase
| Monamine oxidase
38
Norepinephrine is loaded into vesicles by
Vesicular monoamine transporter
39
Noradrenaline’s receptors are metabotropic or Ionotropic
Metabotropic
40
Which adrenergic receptors favor norepinephrine
Alpha 1, alpha 2
Beta 1 favors both epi and NE
BETA 2 favors epi
41
Cocaine works by inhibiting —-
Dopamine transporter
42
Amphetamines work by inhibiting—
Dopamine transporter and noradrenaline transporter
43
Major source of dopamine in the brains is
the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Which are parts of the basal ganglia
44
Dopamine has 2 classes of receptors,list them
```
D1 class dopamine receptor (D1andD5)
-D2 class dopamine receptor (D2,3,4)
```
45
Dopamine receptors
| Ionotropic or metabotropic
Metabotropic
46
Dopamine is loaded into vesicles by
vesicular monamine transporter
47
Fates of dopamine
reuptake by Na dependent dopamine transporter (DAT)
Or
Degraded
48
Dopamine is degraded by and in what order
Comt-Mao-aldh
Mao-aldh-comt
49
Dopamine is degraded into
Homovanilic acid (HVA)
50
Main sources of serotonin
Food we eat
Raphe nucleus in brain stem
51
Between dopamine and serotonin
Which causes vasodilation and which causes vasoconstriction
Dopamine causes dilatation
| Serotonin causes constriction
52
Function of serotonin
inhibits pain sensation
-cause elevation of mood and sleep
involved in vegetative functions like feeding,sleeping,sex, appetites
53
Mechanism of SSRI drugs
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors drugs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft
They are antidepressants
54
Degradation of serotonin
By Mao then aldh to give indole acetic acid
55
Serotonin can also be converted to x
What is x
Function of x
Melatonin
| Control sleep cycle
56
Major sources of histamine
Mast cells release histamine during tissue damage or allergic reactions
Posterior hypothalamus
57
Histamine is belived to play an important role in —— and —-
arousal mechanism
food intake
58
Histamine is synthesized from——— by ———- and ushered into vesicles by —-
histidine
histidine decarboxylase
VMAT
59
Histamine is degraded by either —- or ——
histamine methyltransferase then Mao-B to get N-methyl imidazole acetic acid
Or
DAO, then phosphoribosyl transferase to get imidazole acetic riboside
60
Histamines have metabotropic or Ionotropic receptors
Metabotropic
61
How many Histamine receptors have been identified and what are their functions
3
H1-for vestibular function and allergic reaction
H2-control secretion of gastric acid
H3-control histamine turnover
62
Which catechol amine is found in lower places of the brain and in fewer neurons compared to the others
Adrenaline
63
Adrenaline uses —- to enter vesicles
| -uses —- too for reuptake
VMAT
NET
64
Most important inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS is ?
GABA
65
Receptors of gaba
GABAA-ionotropic(Ligand gated ion Channel)
GABAB-metabotropic(G coupled protein)
66
Valium, diazepam, benzodiazepines,barbiturates
| All bind to which receptors
GABAa receptors
67
GABA is synthesized from ——- by ———— with cofactor——-
glutamate
glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD)
pyridoxine
68
gaba is kept into vesicles by
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
69
GABA is ushered into glial cells by
GABA transporter
70
Actions of substance P
mediates pain sensation
| -regulates anxiety,stress, mood disorders,neurotoxicity ,nausea, and vomitting
71
Source of substance P
Nerve endings of pain pathways in spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Hypothalamus;retinal;intestine
72
Which neurotransmitter acts as an indirect mediator of acetylcholine’s dilator actions
Nitric oxide
73
NO is produced by - kind of cells ,found as —- and stored in —-
Non neuronal cells like endothelial cells of blood vessels
Found in salt form
Not stored in vesicles
74
Nitric oxide is formerly called?
Endothelial derived relaxation factor
75
Excess NO can lead to which diseases
Parkinson and Alzheimer’s
76
Nitric oxide stimulates the production of - and - while inside the cells
cAMP and cGMP
77
Cotransmitter for norepinephrine is - and not -
ATP and not adenosine
78
Adenosine, inhibitory or excitatory in CNS
Largely inhibitory in CNS
79
Caffeine works by using —— to inhibit —— receptors as a ———- antagonists
Methyxanthine
Adenosine receptors
Competitive antagonists
80
neuropeptides are synthesized by—— and eliminated by being degraded by—— into—-
translation process
peptidases
component amino acids
81
Non opiod peptides use what type of receptors
Metabotropic
82
neuropeptide Y inhibits release of
Norepinephrine
83
Effect of high dosage of opiods on pupils
high dose of opiods can cause pinpoint pupils that do not respond to light
84
Types of opiod receptors
3
| Mu, delta,kappa
85
Origin of :
ENKEPHALINS
DYNORPHINS
ENDORPHINS
And the receptors they bind to
Pro enkephalins -delta
Prodynorphins -kappa
Pro opiomelanocortin -mu
86
Types of enkephalins
Types of dynorphins
Types of endorphins
Methionine enkephalin
Leucine enkephalin
Alpha and beta dynorphins
Alpha. Beta . Gamma
87
Which opiate is secreted after working out
| And leads to —-
Endorphins
| Joggers eye
88
The following pathways run from - to -
NIGROSTRIATAL
Tuberoinfundibular
Mesocortical
Mesolimbic
From substantial nigra to dorsal striatum/neostriatum
From hypothalamus to pituitary gland
From ventral tegmental area to ventral striatum (nucleus accumben+ olfactory tubercle)
From ventral tegmental area to cortex
89
Function of
NIGROSTRIATAL
Tuberoinfundibular
Mesocortical
Mesolimbic
the pathway modulates voluntary movement
inhibit prolactin secretion and support lactotroph (pituitary cells) proliferation
issue here causes schizophrenia . Anti psychotics are used to reduce dopaminergic activities
responsible for pleasure (reward pathway)
-drugs thatmake you feel high works here to increase dopaminergic activity
90
All amines are amino acids and all amino acids derivatives are amines
T/F
F
91
COMT degrades norepinephrine to normetanephrine
| T/F
T
92
Effect of tyramine on someone using MAO inhibitor
Causes high blood pressure
93
3-methoxytyramine is one of the——- products of ——-
breakdown
Dopamine
94
Where can you find tyramine?
Seafood
95
Serotonin will prolong an AP by phosphorylation of potassium channels through the action of cGMP
T/F
F. Should be cAMP
96
Dopamine + COMT=____
Dopamine + MAO=——
Dopamine + Mao+comt= ——
3-methoxytyramine
Dihydroxylphenylacetic acid
Homovanilic acid
97
Norepinephrine + COMT=____
Norepinephrine + MAO=——
Norepinephrine + Mao+comt= ——
Normetanephrine
Dihydroxymandelic acid
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA)
98
Epinephrine + COMT=____
Epinephrine + MAO=——
Epinephrine + Mao+comt= ——
Metanephrine
Dihydroxymandelic
VMA
99
serotonin serves as the precursor to——— in the——-
melatonin
pineal gland
100
GABA can be either recycled back to the presynaptic terminal or degraded by ———to enter the ——-
GABA transaminase
citric acid cycle.
101
Unlike the other amino acids that serve as neurotransmitters GABA does———(i.e., it is———-)
not have any metabolic functions
not incorporated into proteins
102
In presynaptic nerve terminals, the enzyme —— converts —— to—— and NO.
NO synthase
arginine
citrulline
103
———(VIP) is stored and secreted with———
vasoactive intestinal peptide
ACh
104
Which comes first?
———or NE induced contraction
ATP induced contraction
105
Serotonin is degraded by MAO and COMT
| T/F
F.
| Degraded by MAO. Then aldh
106
ATP is degraded by ——- to ——- and ——-
Hydrolysis
AMP; adenosine
107
Neuropeptides are degraded by ——-
Endocanabinoids are degraded by ———
Nitric oxide is degraded by ———
Proteases
Hydrolasis by FAAH
Spontaneous oxidation
108
Rate limiting step of the following
```
Glycine production
Catecholamines
Serotonin
NO
Endocanabinoids
Neuropeptides
```
```
Phosphoserine
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tryptophan hydroxylase
NO synthase
Modification of lipids
Synthesis and transport
```
109
Peptide NT usually contains —- pepetides that are each ——- long
100
3-30
110
synapse between the vagus nerve and cardiac muscle fibers used —— NT
Ach
111
Sarin was once released in———
Tokyo’s underground rail system
112
GABA is most commonly found in——— interneurons
local circuit
113
———-cells provide an example of a GABAergic projection neuron
cerebellar Purkinje
114
Most GABA is eventually converted
to———, which is metabolized further in the tricarboxylic acid
cycle
succinate
115
dopamine also plays a poorly understood role in some sympathetic ganglia.
T/F
T
116
Dopamine receptors are found only on the post synaptic membrane
T/F
F. Found on both pre and post
117
Dopamine sends fibers to the cerebellum
| T/F
F
118
Norepinephrine sends fibers to the cerebellum
T/F
T
119
NET is also capable of taking up dopamine.
| T/F
T
120
mutation in the NET gene is a cause of———, a disorder that produces——
orthostatic intolerance
lightheadedness while standing up.
121
Epinephrine-containing neurons in the central nervous system are primarily in the——- and in the—— and project to the—— and——
lateral tegmental system
medulla
hypothalamus
thalamus
122
The central histamine projections mediate——- and——, similar to central—— and——- projections.
arousal; attention
ACh; norepinephrine
123
Antihistamines that cross the blood-brain barrier, such as———, act as——- by interfering with the roles of histamine in——
diphenhydramine
sedatives; CNS arousal
124
Acetylcholine was Isolated in___ by a——- named———
1921
German biologist
Otto Loewi
125
Function of imipramine?
Inhibits NET
126
Effect of :
Resperine
Guanetheidine
Bretylium
Inhibits VMAT
Inhibits release of NE
inhibits release of NE
127
Is Taurine a NT
| Is Alanine an NT
Yes
| Yes
128
Effect of alcohol on glutamate receptors?
Inhibits glutamate
129
Alcohol effect on the following
Glutamate receptors
GABA receptors
Dopamine
Serotonin
Antagonists
Agonist
Increase quantity
Increase quantity
130
Does alcohol bind directly to the Ach receptors?
Yes
131
Serotonin is a monamine
| T/F
T
132
CO is an NT??
Yes
133
Effect of nicotine on glutamate and dopamine
Increase increase
134
ADD is caused by low ——
Serotonin
135
—-is also the neurotransmitter at cells of the adrenal medulla, where it acts on ——-receptors
ACh; nicotinic ACh
136
Syntaxin is to ———
AS
Neurexin is to ——-
Synaptobrevin
| Synaptotagmin
137
hemicholinium drugs can inhibit ———— ——-
Choline transporter
138
Function of vesamicol
Inhibit VACHT
139
Between SNAPS and VAMPS, which is found in the inner surface of the nerve terminal?
VAMPS
140
acetylcholine vesicle release process is blocked by——- toxin
botulinum
141
Function of Metyrosine
Inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase
