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BCH 203 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q 
Action and type of vesicle of 
Gaba 
Glycine 
Glutamate 
Aspartate 
NE 
Adrenaline 
Dopamine 
Serotonin
 Histamine 
NO
 Ach 
ATP 
Neuropeptides
Endocanabinoids
A 
Inhibitory; small clear
Inhibitory;small clear 
Excitatory;small clear
Excitatory;small clear 
Excitatory and inhibitory;small dense
Excitatory and inhibitory;small dense
Excitatory and inhibitory;jury is out 
Excitatory and inhibitory; large dense
Excitatory; large dense
Excitatory and inhibitory ; nothing 
Excitatory; small clear 
Excitatory; small clear 
Excitatory and inhibitory;large dense
Inhibits inhibition; nothing
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2
Q

amino acids derived NTs are involved in —— synaptic transmissions while amines are involved in —— synaptic transmissions

A

Fast

Slow

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3
Q

Mention 4 ways of inactivating a neurotransmitter

A

it could leave the cleft to a place where it has no action

(2) could be destroyed by specific enzymes
(3) engulfed and removed by Astrocytes (macrophages)
(4) by reuptake into the axon terminal

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4
Q

Example of cotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine and adenosine

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5
Q

Mention the classes of receptors and define them

A

(1) Ionotropic receptors/Ligand gated channels: the receptor servers as the channel and gives fast post synaptic responses ;short life-span
(2) metabotropic: the receptor and the ion channels are seperate;slow response;longer life span

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6
Q

What is the first substance identified as NT

A

ACETYCHOLINE

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7
Q

Between the brain and NMJ,where is Ach’s job more understood

A

Neuromuscular junctional

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8
Q

Effect of sarin on Ach

A

inhibits Ach esterase irreversibly

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9
Q

What is sarin

A

organophosphate nerve gas

Another example of organophosphate are insecticides

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10
Q

Decreased Ach leads to which popular disease

A

Alzheimer’s

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11
Q

Ach is synthesized from - and - in the presence of -

A

-acetyl coA+ choline in presence of choline acetyl transferase

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12
Q

Which substrate of Ach is endogenous and which isn’t

And their source

A 
acetyl coA (endogenous) from glycolysis 
-choline(exogenous)is transported with Na dependent transporter
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13
Q

Ach is loaded into a vesicle by?

A

-Ach is loaded into vesicle by a vesicular transporter

VACht

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14
Q

Ach has a short or long life span?

A

Short

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15
Q

Types of Ach receptors

A

-muscarinic-metabotropic receptors and nicotinic-ionotropic receptors

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16
Q

Where can you find muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

A

muscarinic is present on organs getting post gang para nerves and post gang sympa cholinergic nerves
-nicotinic is found in the synapse between pre and post gang para and sympa nerves. And neuromuscular junction

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17
Q

Effect of muscarinic receptors on dopamine transmission

A

muscarinic receptors(2 and 4) have an inhibitory function of dopamine-mediated motor effects while muscarinic receptor 5, potentiates the activity of dopamine

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18
Q

Most excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is?

A

Glutamate

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19
Q

Which NT is important in excitotoxicity

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

Describe excititoxicity

A

phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory neurotransmitters where prolonged activation of a receptor can lead to cell death)

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21
Q

Situations that lead to excess glutamate production

A

Cells release glutamate when they get damaged like after trauma, stroke,Parkinson’s,dementia or even severe convulsion

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22
Q

Ionic basis for glutamate causing cell death and damage

A

leads to swelling of cells due to excess sodium influx
leads to production of NO which could also potentiate the toxicity
over active nmda receptors lead to over influx of calcium leading to activation of protease leading to apoptosis

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23
Q

List the receptors for glutamate and their function

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: for learning and memory

The non-nmda receptors:

Kainate receptors :for fast transmission
AMPA receptors: modulate cell excitability by gating the flow of calcium and sodium ions into the cell

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24
Q

Major difference between AMPA and NMDA

A

only the sodium and potassium influx occur in AMPA receptors whereas, in NMDA receptors, calcium influx occurs in addition to sodium and potassium influx

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25
Q

Do glutamate have metabotropic or Ionotropic receptors

A

They have both

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26
Q

Another name for AMPA receptors

A

Quisqualate receptors

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27
Q

glutamine released by glial cells are taken into neurons by ———. Converted to glutamate by ——-. The glutamate is taken into vesicle by—— Glutamate released into cleft is taken back by either neurons or glial cells by ——

A

Excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT)
Glutaminase
vesicular glutamate transporter.
EAATs

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28
Q

Glycine’s inhibitory powers are predominant in ?

A

Spinal cord and brain stem

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29
Q

Effect of strychnine on glycine

A

Strychnine is a competitive antagonist at inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine receptors in the spinal cord, brain stem, and higher centers. It thus increases neuronal activity and excitability, leading to increased muscular activity.
Glycine receptors have a nanomolar affinity for Strychnine

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30
Q

Glycine receptors

Ionotropic or metabotropic

A

Ionotropic

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31
Q

Fate of glycine is ———

loaded into vesicles by ——. transported into glial and NEURONES by——-

A

Reuptake

Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter

glycine transporter

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32
Q

Noradrenaline controls what ?

A

Mood, arousal, dream and sleep patterns

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33
Q

Difference between noradrenaline and histidine and serotonin

A

NE has a catechol ring
Serotonin has an indole ring
Histamine has an imidazole ring

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34
Q

Parts of the brain where NE can be found

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus,cortex,spinal cord, brainstem, basal ganglia, and locus coreulus in lower pons, mid brain(SN and VTA), amygdala, hippocampus

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35
Q

Steps in synthesis of norepinephrine

phe to tyr (——-)

  • tyr to L-dopa(——)
  • dopa to dopamine (—-)
  • dopamine to NE(———)
A

phe hydroxylase
tyr hydroxylase
dopa decarboxylase
dopamine hydroxylase

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36
Q

Fates of Norepinephrine

A

85% reuptake by NET

Or degraded by comt and mao

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37
Q

Full meaning of COMT and MAO

A

Catechol-O-methyl transferase

Monamine oxidase

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38
Q

Norepinephrine is loaded into vesicles by

A

Vesicular monoamine transporter

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39
Q

Noradrenaline’s receptors are metabotropic or Ionotropic

A

Metabotropic

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40
Q

Which adrenergic receptors favor norepinephrine

A

Alpha 1, alpha 2

Beta 1 favors both epi and NE

BETA 2 favors epi

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41
Q

Cocaine works by inhibiting —-

A

Dopamine transporter

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42
Q

Amphetamines work by inhibiting—

A

Dopamine transporter and noradrenaline transporter

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43
Q

Major source of dopamine in the brains is

A

the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Which are parts of the basal ganglia

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44
Q

Dopamine has 2 classes of receptors,list them

A 
D1 class dopamine receptor (D1andD5)
-D2 class dopamine receptor (D2,3,4)
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45
Q

Dopamine receptors

Ionotropic or metabotropic

A

Metabotropic

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46
Q

Dopamine is loaded into vesicles by

A

vesicular monamine transporter

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47
Q

Fates of dopamine

A

reuptake by Na dependent dopamine transporter (DAT)

Or

Degraded

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48
Q

Dopamine is degraded by and in what order

A

Comt-Mao-aldh

Mao-aldh-comt

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49
Q

Dopamine is degraded into

A

Homovanilic acid (HVA)

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50
Q

Main sources of serotonin

A

Food we eat

Raphe nucleus in brain stem

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51
Q

Between dopamine and serotonin

Which causes vasodilation and which causes vasoconstriction

A

Dopamine causes dilatation

Serotonin causes constriction

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52
Q

Function of serotonin

A

inhibits pain sensation
-cause elevation of mood and sleep

involved in vegetative functions like feeding,sleeping,sex, appetites

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53
Q

Mechanism of SSRI drugs

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors drugs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft
They are antidepressants

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54
Q

Degradation of serotonin

A

By Mao then aldh to give indole acetic acid

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55
Q

Serotonin can also be converted to x
What is x
Function of x

A

Melatonin

Control sleep cycle

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56
Q

Major sources of histamine

A

Mast cells release histamine during tissue damage or allergic reactions

Posterior hypothalamus

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57
Q

Histamine is belived to play an important role in —— and —-

A

arousal mechanism

food intake

58
Q

Histamine is synthesized from——— by ———- and ushered into vesicles by —-

A

histidine

histidine decarboxylase

VMAT

59
Q

Histamine is degraded by either —- or ——

A

histamine methyltransferase then Mao-B to get N-methyl imidazole acetic acid

Or

DAO, then phosphoribosyl transferase to get imidazole acetic riboside

60
Q

Histamines have metabotropic or Ionotropic receptors

A

Metabotropic

61
Q

How many Histamine receptors have been identified and what are their functions

A

3

H1-for vestibular function and allergic reaction

H2-control secretion of gastric acid

H3-control histamine turnover

62
Q

Which catechol amine is found in lower places of the brain and in fewer neurons compared to the others

A

Adrenaline

63
Q

Adrenaline uses —- to enter vesicles

-uses —- too for reuptake

A

VMAT

NET

64
Q

Most important inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS is ?

A

GABA

65
Q

Receptors of gaba

A

GABAA-ionotropic(Ligand gated ion Channel)

GABAB-metabotropic(G coupled protein)

66
Q

Valium, diazepam, benzodiazepines,barbiturates

All bind to which receptors

A

GABAa receptors

67
Q

GABA is synthesized from ——- by ———— with cofactor——-

A

glutamate

glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD)

pyridoxine

68
Q

gaba is kept into vesicles by

A

Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter

69
Q

GABA is ushered into glial cells by

A

GABA transporter

70
Q

Actions of substance P

A

mediates pain sensation

-regulates anxiety,stress, mood disorders,neurotoxicity ,nausea, and vomitting

71
Q

Source of substance P

A

Nerve endings of pain pathways in spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Hypothalamus;retinal;intestine

72
Q

Which neurotransmitter acts as an indirect mediator of acetylcholine’s dilator actions

A

Nitric oxide

73
Q

NO is produced by - kind of cells ,found as —- and stored in —-

A

Non neuronal cells like endothelial cells of blood vessels
Found in salt form
Not stored in vesicles

74
Q

Nitric oxide is formerly called?

A

Endothelial derived relaxation factor

75
Q

Excess NO can lead to which diseases

A

Parkinson and Alzheimer’s

76
Q

Nitric oxide stimulates the production of - and - while inside the cells

A

cAMP and cGMP

77
Q

Cotransmitter for norepinephrine is - and not -

A

ATP and not adenosine

78
Q

Adenosine, inhibitory or excitatory in CNS

A

Largely inhibitory in CNS

79
Q

Caffeine works by using —— to inhibit —— receptors as a ———- antagonists

A

Methyxanthine
Adenosine receptors
Competitive antagonists

80
Q

neuropeptides are synthesized by—— and eliminated by being degraded by—— into—-

A

translation process

peptidases

component amino acids

81
Q

Non opiod peptides use what type of receptors

A

Metabotropic

82
Q

neuropeptide Y inhibits release of

A

Norepinephrine

83
Q

Effect of high dosage of opiods on pupils

A

high dose of opiods can cause pinpoint pupils that do not respond to light

84
Q

Types of opiod receptors

A

3

Mu, delta,kappa

85
Q

Origin of :

ENKEPHALINS

DYNORPHINS

ENDORPHINS

And the receptors they bind to

A

Pro enkephalins -delta
Prodynorphins -kappa
Pro opiomelanocortin -mu

86
Q

Types of enkephalins
Types of dynorphins
Types of endorphins

A

Methionine enkephalin
Leucine enkephalin

Alpha and beta dynorphins

Alpha. Beta . Gamma

87
Q

Which opiate is secreted after working out

And leads to —-

A

Endorphins

Joggers eye

88
Q

The following pathways run from - to -

NIGROSTRIATAL

Tuberoinfundibular

Mesocortical

Mesolimbic

A

From substantial nigra to dorsal striatum/neostriatum

From hypothalamus to pituitary gland

From ventral tegmental area to ventral striatum (nucleus accumben+ olfactory tubercle)

From ventral tegmental area to cortex

89
Q

Function of

NIGROSTRIATAL

Tuberoinfundibular

Mesocortical

Mesolimbic

A

the pathway modulates voluntary movement

inhibit prolactin secretion and support lactotroph (pituitary cells) proliferation

issue here causes schizophrenia . Anti psychotics are used to reduce dopaminergic activities

responsible for pleasure (reward pathway)
-drugs thatmake you feel high works here to increase dopaminergic activity

90
Q

All amines are amino acids and all amino acids derivatives are amines
T/F

A

F

91
Q

COMT degrades norepinephrine to normetanephrine

T/F

A

T

92
Q

Effect of tyramine on someone using MAO inhibitor

A

Causes high blood pressure

93
Q

3-methoxytyramine is one of the——- products of ——-

A

breakdown

Dopamine

94
Q

Where can you find tyramine?

A

Seafood

95
Q

Serotonin will prolong an AP by phosphorylation of potassium channels through the action of cGMP

T/F

A

F. Should be cAMP

96
Q

Dopamine + COMT=____
Dopamine + MAO=——
Dopamine + Mao+comt= ——

A

3-methoxytyramine
Dihydroxylphenylacetic acid
Homovanilic acid

97
Q

Norepinephrine + COMT=____
Norepinephrine + MAO=——
Norepinephrine + Mao+comt= ——

A

Normetanephrine

Dihydroxymandelic acid

3-Methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA)

98
Q

Epinephrine + COMT=____
Epinephrine + MAO=——
Epinephrine + Mao+comt= ——

A

Metanephrine
Dihydroxymandelic
VMA

99
Q

serotonin serves as the precursor to——— in the——-

A

melatonin

pineal gland

100
Q

GABA can be either recycled back to the presynaptic terminal or degraded by ———to enter the ——-

A

GABA transaminase

citric acid cycle.

101
Q

Unlike the other amino acids that serve as neurotransmitters GABA does———(i.e., it is———-)

A

not have any metabolic functions

not incorporated into proteins

102
Q

In presynaptic nerve terminals, the enzyme —— converts —— to—— and NO.

A

NO synthase

arginine

citrulline

103
Q

———(VIP) is stored and secreted with———

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

ACh

104
Q

Which comes first?

———or NE induced contraction

A

ATP induced contraction

105
Q

Serotonin is degraded by MAO and COMT

T/F

A

F.

Degraded by MAO. Then aldh

106
Q

ATP is degraded by ——- to ——- and ——-

A

Hydrolysis

AMP; adenosine

107
Q

Neuropeptides are degraded by ——-
Endocanabinoids are degraded by ———

Nitric oxide is degraded by ———

A

Proteases

Hydrolasis by FAAH

Spontaneous oxidation

108
Q

Rate limiting step of the following

Glycine production 
Catecholamines 
Serotonin
NO
Endocanabinoids
Neuropeptides
A 
Phosphoserine
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tryptophan hydroxylase
NO synthase
Modification of lipids 
Synthesis and transport
109
Q

Peptide NT usually contains —- pepetides that are each ——- long

A

100

3-30

110
Q

synapse between the vagus nerve and cardiac muscle fibers used —— NT

A

Ach

111
Q

Sarin was once released in———

A

Tokyo’s underground rail system

112
Q

GABA is most commonly found in——— interneurons

A

local circuit

113
Q

———-cells provide an example of a GABAergic projection neuron

A

cerebellar Purkinje

114
Q

Most GABA is eventually converted
to———, which is metabolized further in the tricarboxylic acid
cycle

A

succinate

115
Q

dopamine also plays a poorly understood role in some sympathetic ganglia.
T/F

A

T

116
Q

Dopamine receptors are found only on the post synaptic membrane
T/F

A

F. Found on both pre and post

117
Q

Dopamine sends fibers to the cerebellum

T/F

A

F

118
Q

Norepinephrine sends fibers to the cerebellum

T/F

A

T

119
Q

NET is also capable of taking up dopamine.

T/F

A

T

120
Q

mutation in the NET gene is a cause of———, a disorder that produces——

A

orthostatic intolerance

lightheadedness while standing up.

121
Q

Epinephrine-containing neurons in the central nervous system are primarily in the——- and in the—— and project to the—— and——

A

lateral tegmental system

medulla

hypothalamus

thalamus

122
Q

The central histamine projections mediate——- and——, similar to central—— and——- projections.

A

arousal; attention

ACh; norepinephrine

123
Q

Antihistamines that cross the blood-brain barrier, such as———, act as——- by interfering with the roles of histamine in——

A

diphenhydramine

sedatives; CNS arousal

124
Q

Acetylcholine was Isolated in___ by a——- named———

A

1921

German biologist

Otto Loewi

125
Q

Function of imipramine?

A

Inhibits NET

126
Q

Effect of :
Resperine
Guanetheidine
Bretylium

A

Inhibits VMAT

Inhibits release of NE
inhibits release of NE

127
Q

Is Taurine a NT

Is Alanine an NT

A

Yes

Yes

128
Q

Effect of alcohol on glutamate receptors?

A

Inhibits glutamate

129
Q

Alcohol effect on the following

Glutamate receptors
GABA receptors
Dopamine
Serotonin

A

Antagonists
Agonist
Increase quantity
Increase quantity

130
Q

Does alcohol bind directly to the Ach receptors?

A

Yes

131
Q

Serotonin is a monamine

T/F

A

T

132
Q

CO is an NT??

A

Yes

133
Q

Effect of nicotine on glutamate and dopamine

A

Increase increase

134
Q

ADD is caused by low ——

A

Serotonin

135
Q

—-is also the neurotransmitter at cells of the adrenal medulla, where it acts on ——-receptors

A

ACh; nicotinic ACh

136
Q

Syntaxin is to ———
AS
Neurexin is to ——-

A

Synaptobrevin

Synaptotagmin

137
Q

hemicholinium drugs can inhibit ———— ——-

A

Choline transporter

138
Q

Function of vesamicol

A

Inhibit VACHT

139
Q

Between SNAPS and VAMPS, which is found in the inner surface of the nerve terminal?

A

VAMPS

140
Q

acetylcholine vesicle release process is blocked by——- toxin

A

botulinum

141
Q

Function of Metyrosine

A

Inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase

BCH 203 (6 decks)

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