Neurotransmitters Flashcards
DA release in what structure represents common final event ass. with reinforcing effects of opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, PCP, and alcohol?
Nucleus accumbens
Role of glycine at NMDA R?
Obligate co agonist
Which NT system is the last to mature in the CNS of children and adolescents?
Cholinergic
A compound that increases muscle mass by increasing episodic secretion of GH?
Gamma hydroxybutyrate
Which NT is predominantly inhibitory?
Glycine
Neurochemical that reinforces effects of drugs of abuse acutely?
DA
Decreased level of what NT is most ass with depressed mood, poor sleep, and poor impulse control and affective aggression?
Serotonin
Name the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of NE and DA
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Metabolic of what hormone modulates GABA-A,seen in depression
Progesterone
Cation antagonist at NMDA R
Magnesium
Blocking which neuropeptide R provides analgesia?
Nociceptin
How do steroids impact the hippocampus?
Decrease AMPA glutamate signaling
Predominant site of endocannabinoid R CB1?
Presynaptic membrane
This peptide released into GIT conveys feeling of satiety after food intake
Cholecystokinin
NT that’s down regulated in ventral striatum in someone with persistent pain
DA
L- Methylfolate helps with depression by increasing production of serotonin, NE, and DA by increasing what?
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
Molecular mechanism ethanol intoxication?
NMDA antagonism; GABA agonism
NT that stimulates AMPA R
Glutamate
NT in sleep promoting neurons of ventrolateral prep-tic nucleus?
GABA-A
What NT system is involved in sexual arousal?
DA
Highest concentration of 5HT producing cells in the brain?
Raphe nuclei
DA and what else regulates reward circuitry?
GABA
Neuoimaging technology most useful in studying connectivity pathways
Single photo emission CT scan
What area of the body has the most serotonin?
GIT
What NT have been associated with anxiety?
NE
Positive allosteric modulators of NT-gated, multimeric ion channels do what?
Increase probability of opening in presence of ligand
Where are the major clusters of cell bodies containing 5HT in the brain?
Raphe nucleus in the brain stem
Principal mechanism of termination of synaptic activity of DA in prefrontal cortex?
Diffusion
Opiates inhibit CAMP dependent protein phosphorylation in
Locus coeruleus
NT maintains consistent levels with age
5HT
Which NTs are reduced in quantity, uptake, and turnover in spasticity?
Glycine and GANA
The cognitive enhancement associated with experimental D- cycloserine tx in pt’s with schizophrenia has been attributed to enhancement of NMDA R activity by which of the following NT?
Glycine
In addiction, DA neurons project to nucleus accumbent. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain?
Ventral tegmental area
NT ass. with reward and reinforcement in nicotine dependence?
DA
Prostaglandin D2 increases extracellular levels of
Adenosine
Which is a retrograde NT?
Endocannabinoids
Characteristics of Ach R in cerebral cortex?
Both inhibitory and excitatory
Neurohormone for social bonding
Oxytocin
Low CSF levels of this NT metabolites is ass. with suicidality?
5-HIAA
What is the 5HT3 R classification?
Ligand gated
Pain by neurogenic inflammation mediated by?
Substance P
Psych stress increases cortisol and prolonged cortisol is ass. with bad outcomes. It also affects other hormones. Increased in which hormone is correlated with decreased PTSD severity most likely due to hormone’s antiglucocorticoid properties?
DHEA
Activation of this R is likely responsible for anti-anxiety motor impairment, and sedative hypnotic effects of alcohol
GABA-A
NT regulating sleep and wakefulness?
Histamine
What NT is thought to play a key role in fine-tuning working memory function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
DA
Which of the following levels would be affected with changes in tyrosine hydroxyls level:
Dopaminergic
Blockade of which R causes sedation and weight gain side effects for antipsychotics and antidepressants?
Histamine
What NT present in the periaqueductal gray matter is involved in the mediation of pain?
Endorphins
Which NT, IF dysfunctional, most replicates core symptoms of schizophrenia?
Gluatamate
R critical for long term potentiation?
NMDA R
Neuronal death caused by NMDA R stimulation is due to?
Excessive calcium influx resulting in mitochondrial caspase activation
NT with highest affinity for human CB-1 R?
Anandamide
IV ketamine is antagonism of which NT system?
NMDA
Intubated, agitated patient with delirious sx. Which NT is associated with AMS?
Ach
Cerebellar purkinje cells releases what NT?
GABA
Neuroimaging to measure change in cerebral blood flow
fMRI
NT precursor to melatonin
5-HT
Principal mechanism of termination of synaptic activity of DA in prefrontal cortex?
Diffusion
During REM sleep what neuron ceases firing?
Histamine
Which R does BDNF activate?
Tropomyosin R kinase B
