Neuroanatomy Flashcards
60 y/o right handed male getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left sided hemineglect. Where is lesion?
Right parietal lobe
66 y/o with HTN, develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups, L face numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia, staggering gait, fall to left. Dx?
Lateral medullary stroke
26 y/o W/ha and right hand clumsiness for weeks. Difficulty with rapid alternating movements of hand, over intention tremor on finger to nose, and mildly dysmetric finger tamping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where is damage?
Cerebellum
78 y/o pt with schema stroke that left him with residual mild hemiplegia but patient unaware. When asked to raise weak arm, patient raises good arm. When this is pointed out he admits arm is slightly weak. Neglects the side of body when grooming. He did not shave side of face, difficulty putting shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area?
Right parietal lobe.
Head MRI reveals infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral. Sx?
Weakness of contralateral foot and leg, sparing face and arm with abulia.
Adult neurogenesis in which area?
Hippocampus
Previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over 6 months. Pathology?
Frontal lobe
Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia
Brainstem infarction
In addiction, DA neurons project to nucleus accumbent. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in?
Ventral tegmental area.
Which brain region does leptin work at?
Hypothalamus
Oxytocin suppresses which area?
Amygdala
Hypothalamus area for maternal behavior?
Pre-optic
CN for gag reflex and palette elevation?
Vagal nerve
The medial temporal lobe is responsible for what type of memory?
Declarative
In the development of the CNS in the first two years, the motor cortex develops before or after than sensory cortex?
Before
Which cortical region is a key component of the salience network?
Anterior cingulate cortex
Initial learning phase of skilled motor sequence requires corticostriatal system and what other system?
Corticocerebellar
Reduced hippocampal volume causes what type of memory impairment?
Declarative
Histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate in which brain nuclei?
Tuberomammillary
Pt receives neck manipulation, now has dysarthria speech, gait ataxia, right body numbness, and neck pain
Vertebral a. dissection
Which areas are connected by the stria terminals?
Amygdala to the septal area and the hypothalamus
Wakefulness depends on which brain area?
Ascending reticular activating system
What forms de neural tube?
Ectoderm
Repetitive TMS for MDD targets which brain region?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Neurogenesis in the adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain??
Dentate gyrus
Bipolar has decreased connectivity here
Amygdala and prefrontal cortex
Biogenic amine made in locus ceruleus
Norepinephrine
CNS response to fear mediated by what structure
Central nucleus of the amygdala
Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces
Amygdala
CNS region containing DA neurons projecting to caudate and putamen
Substantia nigra
Area of the brain responsible for face recognition
Fusiform nucleus
Area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Which part of cortical-stratal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli
Lateral orbitofrontal
The dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, striatum, and……..Are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms
Thalamus
The BBB is made up of what kind of cells?
Endothelial
DA neurons in what system is primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive processing?
Mesocortical
Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbent and mediates addiction and associated behaviors?
Mesolimbic
Development of brain grey-matter volume peaks at what age?
Late childhood
In a pt with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis?
Basal ganglia
65 y/o male patient has a stroke which causes him to fall. Weakness of R leg, with only minor weakness of the R hand, no weakness of the face, no sensory deficit. Speech not affected but seems unusually quiet and passive. The stroke most likely involves the
Left anterior cerebral artery
Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involving all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of the following arteries?
Posterior cerebral
R side palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm and leg combined with third nerve palsy is most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?
Posterior cerebral
Bilateral lower extremity weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?
Anterior cerebral
Pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk, and leg, caused by a lacunar infarct where?
Lateral thalamus
Blocking R PCA causes which visual disturbance?
Left homonymous hemianopsia
The clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral a. would result in which of the following?
Homonymous Hemianopia with Alexia without agraphia
29 y/o cocaine user complains of LFP, numbness in both legs and feet, thighs, buttocks, abdomen, and says R leg is weak and clumsy, L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and difficulty walking, Decreased light touch, pinprick, and T. Normal vibration and proprioception. DTR difficulty to elicit. Muscle tone normal. Decreased strength in B/L LE but worse on R. Dx?
Anterior spinal artery infarction
Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of demonstrable weakness, ataxia or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of
Left parietal cortex
Normal Romberg w/eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where is the abnormality?
Cerebellar vermis
Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI- hyperactivity in R temporal lobe. Damage where?
Calcarine fissure
Aphasia w/ effortful fragmented, non-fluent, telegraphic speech, is seen in a lesion where?
Posterior frontal lobe
A pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause?
Bitemporal hemianopsia
Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure?
Arcuate fascicule
Unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, headaches, mild facial weakness, and ipsilateral limb ataxia is most commonly associated with tumors in what locations?
Cerebellopontine angle
20 y/o with 1 yr h/o bitemporal headaches, polydipsia, polyuria, and bulimia + 2 months h/o emotional outbursts, aggression, and transient confusion. Neurons exam normal. What will MRI of the brain show?
Hypothalamic tumor.
34 y/o M is referred for psychiatric evaluation 5 yrs after sustaining a head injury at work. Prior to accident, he was a stable, happily married man. Since the accident, he is overly talkative and restless. His wife divorced him due to his irresponsible acting. What damage?
Frontal lobe
Patient reports headaches and peripheral visual loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal fields of both eyes are detected. An MRI scan is likely to reveal?
A mass in the sella turca.
Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage where?
Reticular formation
Acute onset of hemiballismus of LUE and LLE. MRI is most likely to show lesion located where?
Subthalamic nucleus
Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which of the following structures
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which lesion causes bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and present with horizontal and vertical gaze?
Brainstem
32 y/o with 1 mo hx of worsening headaches, episodic mood swings and occasional hallucinations with visual, tactile and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where?
Temporal lobe
What does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?
Diverse roles in movement, behavior, and learning
Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comprehension, inability to repeat w/o associated signs. Location of lesion in the brain?
Supramarginal gyrus or insula.
Lesions in mammillary bodies will produce what symptoms?
Amnesia, confabulation, lack of insight
62 y/o progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, and apathy. An autopsy is likely to show atrophy of
Frontal lobe
Implantation of DBS electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinsons’s. Optimal location for electrodes?
Subthalamic nucleus
DBS in which brain structure is a useful treatment for primary generalized dystonia?
Globus pallidus
Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structure?
Ventral striatum
Neural plasticity largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology which of the following?
Dendritic spines
The uncinate fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?
Anterior temporal and ventral pre-frontal regions
What are the cortical columns?
Functional units for information processing
Abnormal emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons, and what?
Cerebellum
Exposure to light affects which brain structure?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What does synaptogenesis peak?
First 4 yrs of like
Why does the brain rapidly increase in size from birth to 2 years.
Synaptogenesis of neurons
Where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most?
Prefrontal cortex
Threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?
Amygdala
Huntington’s disease characterized by a loss of neurons producing which neurotransmitter?
GABA
17 y/o with binge eating associated with a 60 lb weight gain over the past 4 months. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts what structure?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
What is an accurate statement about the brain’s default mode network?
Is involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli.
The most likely reason that adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking. The brain undergoes:
Synaptic running
Dorsal-lateral-pre-frontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?
Working memory
Drug abuse activates these neurons circuits, generating signals in the ventral segmental area to where?
DA into the nucleus accumbent
95% of R handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language. What % of left handed people develop right hemispheric dominance for language?
75%
Neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?
Amygdala-hypothalamus periaqueductal gray
Area of frontal cortex activated in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test during shifting of cognitive sets?
Dorsolateral
After middle age, what region of the brain has decreasing sleep spindle density?
Frontal and occipital lobes
What neurodevelopment process predominantly occurs during adolescence and young adulthood?
Synaptic prunning
Where in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What sensation is transmitted through the spinothalamic tract?
Pain
Ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic
Working memory
Neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen, and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function
Affective processing
What type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?
Schwann
Region of the brain most closely associated with cortical processing of faces?
Left parietal
This hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and brainstem.
Arcuate nucleus
Region of the brain connected with the ant. medial frontal cortex during recognition of the affective behavior by mirror neuron system?
Insula
Corticotropin-releasing hormone is released from which brain region during stress?
Paraventricular nucleus
Orexin is made in what part of the brain?
Lateral hypothalamic nuclei
Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces
Amygdala
Where does histamine synthesis happen?
Hypothalamus
Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and mediates addiction and associated behaviors/ reinforcing?
Mesolimbic
Primary taste cortex in humand located in which cortical area?
Anterior insular
CNS response to fear mediated by
Centromedial nuclei of the amygdala
Which circuit mediated ability to resist responding to aggravating situations with hostility?
Orbitofrontal
Hyperactivity of orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus is what disorder?
OCD
Where are stem cells in the hippocampus for adult brains?
Sub-granular zone
Intact somatosensory functioning for light touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration, and proprioception but patient cannot recognize objects based on touch. Which brain region is affected?
Posterior parietal lobe
Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structure?
Ventral striatum
How do cortical brain areas connect between the cerebral hemispheres?
Commisural fibers
What hormone is synthesized in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Neuropeptide Y
Individuals with PTSD demonstrate low responses in what structures on functional imaging?
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Thiamine deficiency is associated in changes in which structure?
Mammillary bodies
Diencephalon is a precursor to which brain structure?
Thalamus
Poor strategies for solving visuospatial problems such as following illustrations for assembling furniture involves which circuit?
Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit
Which hypothalamic nuclei affect puberty by pulsatile GnRH secretion?
Infundibular
