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Neurology > Neurotransmitterrs > Flashcards

Neurotransmitterrs Flashcards

1
Q

Glia

A

Astro Yates, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and microglia

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Input, increase contact expanse

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3
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Increase SA for axonal contact

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Maintenance factory

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5
Q

Axon

A

Output, can reach distances far away

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6
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Insulation for electrical signaling

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7
Q

Synaptic buttons

A

Chemical signaling, neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Axon hillock

A

Action potential generated

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9
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Receptors in periphery, cell body in ganglion

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10
Q

Motor neurons

A

Cell body in CNS for skeletal motor neurons

Cell body in autonomic ganglia for smooth muscle

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

Contained in CNS

Travel from one brain region to another and local confined to cell body

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12
Q

Internal structure neurons

A

High protein synthesis and neurotransmitter

Ribosomes and rough ER

cytoskeleton components- microtubules, neurofilsments and microfilaments

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13
Q

Spinal cord circuitry

A

Gray matter in 10’layers, Latina

Peripheral into spinal cord via dorsal roots and dorsal root ganglia contain cell bodies of sensory axons

Ventral horn and intermediate zone contain cell bodies of motor neurons whose axons travel in ventral root

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14
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

Epineurium, perineurium snd endoneurium

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15
Q

Epineurium

A

Fibroblasts and collagen sheath containing peri and epineurium and peripheral axons

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16
Q

Perineurium

A

Connective tissue sheath containing bundles of peripheral nerve axons

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17
Q

Endoneurium

A

Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual axons

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18
Q

Schwann cell

A

Unmyelinated in PNS

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19
Q

Glial cell factors

A

Do not form synapses

Electrically unexcitable, no action potential

Only 1 process and some divide, numerous as neurons

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide structural matrix- blood brain barrier

Homeostasis- K and glucose, and neurotransmitters

Scar following injury

Many different types and shapes

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21
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Surrounding capillary with endothelial cells forming tight junction

Pedicures with smooth muscle like property and astroglial end feet

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22
Q

Myelin producing cells

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

1 oligo forms many myelin segments CNS and insulate against signal degradation

Segmentally organized nodes of Ranvier

Schwann cells can act like CNS glial cells but are PNS, create ECM and can phagocytose

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23
Q

Microglia

A

Ubiquitous, numerous, plasticity, immune competence- can become brain macrophages and self renewal

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24
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricular system

Circulate CSF via cilia

Choroid plexus cells produce and secrete CSF

CSF during sleep removes metabolites

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25
Q

Three compartments and three interfaces

A

Blood-CNS

CNS-CSF

CSF- blood

So glucose can pass through blood brain barrier

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26
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

6 layers

Pyramidial cells (3 and 5)
Long axons of cortex
Projects to other neurons in cerebral cortex
Projects structures outside cerebral cortex

Layer 4 is the inner granular layer and receives info from thalamus

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27
Q

Projection neurons

A

Large dendritic arborizations

Large cell bodies and long axons

Important for information processing between structures

28
Q

Interneurons

A

Small neurons with smaller dendritic arborizations

Small cell bodies short axons

Project short distances

Local info processing

29
Q

Hippocampal formation

A

3 layers, connects with thalamus, amygdala and septal nuclei

Dentate gyrus- input cells of hippocampus
CA region- pyramidial cells, output cells (hippocampus proper)

Memories of facts via connection to thalamus

Amnesia

30
Q

Cerebellum

A

Molecular, purkinje cell layer and granule layer

Granule cell axon to molecular layer as parallel fibers and synapses with dendrite of purkinje cell which is major output and connects with Brain stem and thalamus

Motor movement

31
Q

Purkinje cells

A

Largest neurons in Brian

Receive ~100,000 synapses

32
Q

Primary site for neurochemical communication

A

Synapse or neuroeffector junction

33
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Fast communication, no signal amplification ( cardiac, GI, fast neural tissue)

Not target for drug action

34
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Slower but amplification, targeted by drugs and signal computation

Axon to Nerve and dendrite or to cell body

Usually unidirectional (except nitric oxide)

Fast or slow, thousands of synapses

Active zone for rapid fusion and stored transmitter release, exocytosis

35
Q

Synapse types

A

Fast: ligand gated ion channel

Slow: G protein coupled receptor

36
Q

CNS Neurotransmitter

A

Endogenous substances used to transmit signals to cells across synapse

May exert excitatory and inhibitory actions on target, and response depends on if activates and the receptor effector coupling mechanism

37
Q

Acetylcholine

A

CNS Somatic motor neurons, skeletal muscle

Excitatory and used in memory

38
Q

Dopamine

A

Pleasure when released to reward circuits

Movement, mood and reward

CNS

39
Q

GABA

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter of Brain

40
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain

41
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Can also act as hormone, CNS

In peripheral, fight or flight

In Brain- attention, wakefulness, pain

42
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood aggression, sensory

CNS, in spinal cord used as inhibitory pain pathway

43
Q

Opioid peptides

A

CNS role in pain perception and mood

In addition option exert GI action

44
Q

5 requirements for endogenous substance to be considered synaptic neurotransmitter

A

Present in presynaptic nerves sequestered in synaptic vesicles

Mechanism must exist for synthesis or accumulation of the substance within presynpatic nerve

Mechanism for inactivation must exist within synaptic region, degradation enzymes, reuptake system or other

45
Q

Neurotransmitter pathways

A

NT formed and stored within specific nerve cells

Different classes clustered in regions of the brain

46
Q

Synaptic vehicle formation, transport and NT loading

A

Large quantities typically stored in synaptic vesicles and held for release at presynaptic axon termini

Processes differ for small amine transmitters vs. peptide transmitters

47
Q

Small molecule NT

A

Vesicles formed in cell body and transported to termini without NT

Synthesized locally and packaged into small clear core vesicles at Nerve terminal

Vesicles recycled and reloaded with NT after release

48
Q

Neuropeptide NT

A

NT precursor synthesized within body on ER

Precursors and processing enzymes loaded to dense core vesicles in cell body and transported to nerve terminal with the processing enzymes

Little evidence for vesicle recycling

49
Q

Chemical neurotransmission

A

NT formation and storage in synaptic vesicles
Synaptic transmission: stimulation of release, activation of receptors, target cell response to receptor activation, termination of NT action

50
Q

Synaptic neurotransmission steps 1

A
  1. Stimulation of NT release- action potentional. Ca rush into nerve terminal which causes vesicle to fuse and release contents into extra cellular space (synapse)

Vesicle membrane re captured by endocytosis and recycled back into synaptic vesicles, vesicles then reloaded with NT

51
Q

Transmitter release

A

Limited circumstances where there appears to be a therapeutic benefit derived from the use of agents that alter NT release

52
Q

Synaptic transmission 2

A

NT activation of captors on postsynaptic cells

Once release NT bind and activate receptor classes which changes target cell channels, enzymes and messengers

Receptor activation can excite or inhibit target cell and then do not respond if lack appropriate receptors

Therapeutic intervention- agonists and antagonist

53
Q

GABA-A Receptors

A

Regulate opening of Cl channels

Major inhibitory AA transmitter in CNS

54
Q

GLU

A

excitatory AA transmitter in CNS

Drugs that mimic or enhance GLU are excitatory

55
Q

CNS depression by enhanced inhibitory neurotransmission

A

DIAZEPAM- benzodiazepine

Sedative, enhance GABA to stimulate Cl channel opening so have membrane hyperpolarization and deceased neuronal excitability

56
Q

CNS depression by reduced excitatory transmission

A

Ketamine

Blocks GLU activation of NMDA receptors

In normal animals NMDA increases Na and Ca into neurons and membrane depolarization to increase neuron excitability

57
Q

Transmitter receptor activation

A

Vital process that is common target for numerous drugs of therapeutic importance

58
Q

Synaptic neurotransmission 4

A

Elimination of NT from synapse

To terminate signal NT must be removed and elimination processes are conserved

Certain NT elimination processes are major targets for therapeutic drug intervention (inhibitors)

Inhibition of NT elimination will enhance NT action

59
Q

Uptake reuptake transport

A

Termination of NT action

60
Q

Act elimination

A

AChE enzymes

61
Q

DA elimination

A

Uptake by dopamine transporters

Metabolic degradation- MAO

62
Q

GABA elimination and GLU elimination

A

Uptake by glutamate transporters or metabolic degradation

63
Q

NE elimination

A

Uptake by catecholamine transports or metabolic degradation

64
Q

5-HT elimination

A

Uptake by serotonin receptors or metabolic degradation

65
Q

Acetylcholine degradation ex

A

Rapidly hydrolyzed by AChE at all sites where works as NT

If inhibit half life is high

Neurology (13 decks)

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