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Neurology > Nervous System Development (don't need to study) > Flashcards

Nervous System Development (don't need to study) Flashcards

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1
Q

Neural tube formation

A

Neural plate becomes elevated forming neural folds around neural groove

Two folds meet and fuse forming the neural tube surrounding the ventricular lumen

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2
Q

Neural tube subdivisions

A

Spinal cord, rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, and prosencephalon

Pro to diencephalon and telencephalon

Rhumb to metencephalon and myelencephalon

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3
Q

Brainstem

A

Metencephalon and mesencephalon and myelencephalon

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4
Q

Forebrain

A

Diencephalon and telencephalon

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5
Q

Spinal cord development

A

Neuroepithelial cells proliferate in walls of neural tube so ventricular lumen thins

Neurons, oligodendroglial, or astroglial cells within mantle layer

Ventricular zone is continued proliferation

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6
Q

Ependymal layer

A

When neuroepithelial see and ventricular layer forms into this layer which lines lumen of adult brain and choroid plexus of epithelium

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7
Q

Microglia

A

Mesenchymal derivatives that migrate into the CNS and function as macrophages

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8
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

Wrap myelin around CNS axons

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9
Q

Astroglia

A

Regulate extra cellular environment around neurons

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10
Q

Marginal zone

A

Future site of ascending and descending axons

Outer zone

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11
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

Longitudinal sulcus which delineates boundary between alar plate (dorsal horn) and basal plate (ventral)

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12
Q

Neural tube closure

A

Neural crest found between roof and overlying surface ectoderm

Transform into dorsal root ganglia neurons, autonomic ganglia neurons and Schwann cells

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13
Q

Dorsal root ganglion cells

A

Contain sensory neurons

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14
Q

Ventral roots

A

Axons of motor neurons exit spinal cord as this

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15
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Formed when ventral roots become bundled together with peripheral processes of dorsal root ganglia

Peripheral nerves mixed in a bundle

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16
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies located inside CNS

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18
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Becomes medulla of adult brain

Neural tube closes and walls separate at the roof which then is Pia and ependyma

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19
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

Boundary between basal plate and alar plate which process motor and sensory respectively

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20
Q

Basal plate

A

Nearest to sulcus are visceral efferent and farthest are somatic efferent

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21
Q

Alar plate

A

Centra provesses of visceral afferent are nearest the sulcus and somatic afferents are furthest

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22
Q

Basal plate nerves

A

Trigeminal

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23
Q

Diencephalon

A

Original termination at lamina terminal is

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24
Q

Pineal gland

A

Develops as an outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon

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25
Telencephalon
Lateral outpocketing from either side of the lamina terminalis created paired lateral ventricles Radial glial fibers guide migrations
26
Developing nervous system
Initial overproduction of neurons followed by cell death 50-80% same with synaptic connections
27
Maturation of the Brain
Maturation of the Brain involves growth of neural tissue and reduction in size of the ventricles Development of white matter occurs as axons extend and become myelinated organizing into tracts Myelination creates white matter
28
Neural crest
Peripheral nervous system and most of associated sensory structures derived from here and placodes
29
Olfactory placodes
Olfactory receptor cells are derived from here Invaginate and integrate into the nasal mucosa
30
Trigeminal placodes
Induced to form metencephalon and develop into sensory cells of the trigeminal ganglion- touch of the face
31
Epibranchial placodes
Induced where pharyngeal pouches contact ectoderm Form VII, IX, X
32
Sensory receptors
Touch, pain and temperature, vibration
33
Origin and derivatives of the neural crest
Neural crest from neural ectoderm
34
Cranial neural crest
Form cranioofacial mesenchyme that enters branchial arches and differentiates into cartilage, bone and connective tissue V, VII, IX, X
35
Trunk neural crest
Dorsolateral- pigment synthesizing melanocytes in skin, hair or feathers Migrate ventrally and become sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion, Schwann cells, chromaffin, and neurons around aorta
36
Vagal and sacral neural crest
Generate parasympathetic ganglia associated with viscera and gut regulating peristalsis
37
Placodes
Ectodermal thickenings induced by underlying Brian regions
38
Neural crest germ
4th germ layer
39
Cardiac neural crest
Migrate to reach developing heart forming aorticopulmonary septum
40
Neural crest
Neuronal cells, Schwann and sheath cells, pigment cells, endocrine and paraendocrine cells, facial structures, muscle and connective tissue
41
Peripheral nervous system
Motor nerves- somatic and visceral Special visceral efferents innervate branchial arch muscles Visceral afferent in dorsal root ganglia Afferents from placodes- special afferents
42
Nasal region
Nasal placodes induced by telencephalon Placodes sink inside nasal pits Nasal placode never becomes vesicle
43
Optic vesicle
A diencephalic evagination Induced lens placode Optic cup is secondary invagination of the vesicle
44
Optic cup
Sensory part of retina is outer layer and inner layer forms pigment epithelium
45
Lens vesicle
Elongate in light transforming into lens fibers Lens induces cornea to develop
46
Retinal ganglion cells
Travel from retina through optic stalk to reach the Brain and comprise optic nerves
47
Autonomic nervous system
Thoracic lumbar sympathetic and cranial-sacral parasympathetic components
48
Choroid plexus and granulomas
Choroid plexus within ventricles and produce CSF In older horses cholesterol crystals accumulate in choroid plexus due to chronic bleeding which block CSF
49
Meningocele and meningoencephalocele
Soft swelling Menigocele selling located outside skull defect, meninges and skin If contains brain tissue is a meningoencephalocele
50
Cranioschisis
Skull defect Inherited disorder in Burmese cats and associated with duplication of the face
51
Exencephaly
Brain tissue that protrudes outside the cranial vault and is covered by meninges- exencephaly Less common than meningocele or meningoencephalocele t also includes cranioschisis
52
Dicephalus
Two headed calves Result from early splitting of the primitive streak
53
Prosencephalic hypoplasia
Partial failure of the outpocketing of the telencephalon from the neural tube Midline defect involving neural tube
54
Hydranencephaly
Cerebral neocortex is absent Hippocampus, pyriform lobe, and basal ganglia may be present Due to viral infection during critical period for neurogenesis
55
Critical period brain development
Cerebral cortex and cerebellum have extended development and therefore extended critical periods
56
Cerebellar malformations
Usually due to viral infection or inherited progressive degeneration Most common caused by BVD
57
Cerebellar abiotrophy
Postnatal degeneration of Purkinje neurons Inherited condition, Kerry blue terriers Produces late onset progressive ataxia
58
Lissencephaly
Cerebral hemispheres not convoluted, appear smooth Lis-1 (autosomal) gene mutation leads to generalized migration defect in males and females, microtubule dynamics implicated Seizures common Autosomal gene, DCX is x linked
59
Migration using radial glia
As cells leave mitosis cycle that migrate to their final destinations using radial glia as guides Cytoskeletal proteins are crucial for normal migration
60
Cytoskeletal proteins
Crucial for normal migration
61
DCX
X linked, produces effects related to lissencephaly Doublecortin gene
62
Normal cortical development
Preplate from first postmitotic cells to leave ventricular zone Inside out migration of ventricular zone cells in successive waves Crates 6 layers
63
Holoprosencephaly
Telencephalon develops but incomplete bilateralization leading to facial deformation Cyclopia, hypotelorism or hyper, ethmocephaly Lambs, dogs and cats
64
Morphogenetic signaling
Non neural signaling centers: prechordal plate, Hensens node, visceral endoderm, epidermal ectoderm (sonic hedgehog) Neural signaling from forebrain midline: SHH and Fgf8
65
Cyclopia
Single orbit
66
Hypotelorism
Eyes closer that normal, hyper is wider than normal
67
Ethmocephaly
Proboscis located dorsally between narrow set eyes

Neurology (13 decks)

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