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Neurology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Lateral ventricles

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2
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Ventricular lumen is 3

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3
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

Mesencephalic aquaduct

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4
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and cerebellum

Fourth ventricle

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5
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

Fourth ventricle

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6
Q

Spinal cord

A

Spinal cord

Central canal

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7
Q

Ventricular system

A

Lumen of neural tube, this and meninges spaces are continuous

Fluid transport within the brain

Nutritive and protective function for brain, contain CSF for nutrition and ionic substance for brain so can properly function

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8
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Origination of CSF

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9
Q

Meninges

A

Three connective tissue membranes

Protection and support for the brain and spinal cord and substrate for vasculature

Dura, arachnoid, Pia

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10
Q

Arachnoid

A

Under lain by subarachnoid space where CSF and vessels travel

Delicate trabeculated middle layer

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11
Q

Spinal cord matter

A

White matter outside gray matter inside

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex matter

A

Gray matter outside and white inside

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13
Q

White matter

A

Composed of axons

White because lipoprotein myelin and reflects light

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14
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of functionally related axons in the CNS

When travel together = fasciculus or peduncle

Ex: corpus collosum

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15
Q

Commissure

A

Some facts cross to the contralateral side of brain

Any fiber bundle that crosses midline

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16
Q

5 commissures interconnecting telencephalon and diencephalon

A

corpus callosum, hippocampal commissure, rostral commissure, caudal commissure and habenular commissure

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17
Q

Afferent

A

Axons inputs that terminate as synapses

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18
Q

Efferent

A

Outputs, axons that leave that region and make synaptic terminations in another

Also called projection

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19
Q

Gray matter

A

Contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites and the fine branches of axons from sources along with synapses

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20
Q

Nuclei

A

Specific regions of gray matter contain these specific groups of neuron cell bodies

Only when found in subcortical locations, areas when in cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

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21
Q

Neurophil

A

Background between groups of neurons

Where dendrites, axons and synapses are most dense

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22
Q

Analogies of white and gray matter

A 
White matter= large highways 
Gray matter= local neighborhoods 
Neuron cell bodies= houses 
Axons branches= streets 
Neurophils= lawns 
Dendrites= driveway

Cars are the action potential

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23
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord and communicates with rest of the body via sensory and motor nerves

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24
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor nerves

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25
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS

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26
Q

Tract definition

A

Bundle of axons in the CNS

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27
Q

Fascicles

A

Small tract

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28
Q

Nucleus vs. ganglion

A

Nucleus is a collection of nerve bodies in CNS

Ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS

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29
Q

Motor output

A

Neuromuscular junctions are dark and what communicates with muscle

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30
Q

Sensory input and motor output

A

Located in periphery but communicate with CNS

Input is afferent signals to the Brain and then sends out efferent signals

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31
Q

Interneurons

A

Process information that sensory afferent bringing in

Talking to different layers, lots of dendrites

Dendritic spines can receive lots of information and create synapses

Synapses have a thickening which is the active zone where axons communicate

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32
Q

Spinal cord

A

Segmented because receive lots of information from different parts of the brain

Axons entering dorsal roots of a segment convey sensory info

Axons exiting ventral roots of that segment terminate on muscles in the same area

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33
Q

Central canal

A

Remnant of lumen in neural tube

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34
Q

Spinal cord gray matter

A

Organized into dorsal horn containing interneurons that process incoming sensory info and enters via dorsal roots

Ventral horn contains motor neurons whose axons exit the ventral roots

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35
Q

Interneurons

A

All neurons in dorsal horn and most in ventral horn

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36
Q

Gray matter because

A

Mostly nuclei but speckled because contain some neurons

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37
Q

Descending tracts to the spinal cord

A

Any region of the spinal cord has these from cerebral cortex, midbrain and brainstem- travel in spinal cord white matter

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38
Q

Spinal cord white matter

A

Also contains ascending tracts conveying sensory info to the rostral brain

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39
Q

Brainstem

A

Medulla and pons also the midbrain and diencephalon

Cerebellum not a part

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40
Q

Medulla

A

Cervical spinal cord to the caudal margin of pontine fibers

Cranial nerves VI-XII originate in medulla

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41
Q

Ventral medulla

A

Pyramids, trapezoid bodies and caudal olive

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42
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

On dorsal medulla and pons

Opens from central canal at obex which is the caudal margin of medulla

Open forms rhomboid fossa

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43
Q

Medulla development

A

Roof plate of medulla and pons expands during development

Because of this fourth ventricle has thin roof of Pia and ependyma

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44
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

Dorsal medulla

Dorsolateral= sensory and ventromedial= motor

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45
Q

Caudal olive

A

Relay to cerebellum and pyramids

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46
Q

Trapezoid body

A

Band of axons that crosses the midline

Conveys auditory information to brainstem

47
Q

Nerve functions

A

SSMMBMBSBBMM

48
Q

Alar plate of medulla

49
Q

Basal plate of medulla

50
Q

Sensory medulla

A

Gracile and cuneate nuclei

Cochlear and vestibular nuclei

Solitary nucleus

51
Q

Gracile and cuneate nuclei

A

Spinal nucleus V

Somatic sensation

52
Q

Cochlear and vestibular nuclei

A

Of VIII

hearing and balance

53
Q

Solitary nucleus

A

Visceral sensation

54
Q

Main motor structures of medulla

A

Hypoglossal, dorsal motor of X, ambiguous nucleus, salivatory nuclei, facial motor nucleus and abducens nuclei

55
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

CN XII

Tongue movement

56
Q

Ambiguous nucleus

A

IX, X, XI

smooth muscle of pharynx and larynx

57
Q

Salivatory nuclei

A

IX, X

Gland secretion

58
Q

Reticular formation

A

Middle portion of medulla

Medulla to midbrain

Receiving sensory input and generating motor output and refinement

59
Q

Pons

A

Pontine nuclei- cortical axons

Associated with fourth ventricle

Reticular formation

60
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles

A

Pontine neurons then project axons to cerebellum on opposite side via large white matter band that becomes this middle cerebellar peduncles

Fine movement modulation

61
Q

CN V

A

Originates in the pons

62
Q

Pontine decussation

A

Large axonal bundle bringing info from cortex communicating with spinal cord

63
Q

Cerebellar nuclei

A

Source of outputs from the cerebellum

64
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

Receives wide array of input from sensory systems and generates fine motor responses

65
Q

Peduncles

A

There are three that connect cerebellum to brain stem

66
Q

Caudal cerebellar peduncles

A

Afferent from spinal cord and medulla

67
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Afferent from pontine nuclei

68
Q

Rostral cerebellar peduncle

A

Supplies efferents from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the brainstem, midbrain and diencephalon

69
Q

Midbrain

A

Thalamus from pons

Demarcated by caudal commissure

Mesencephalon

CN 3 and 4= oculomotor and trochlear

Ventricular lumen is the mesencephalic aquaduct

70
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

Surrounds the aquaduct

Coordinating defensive and attack behaviors

Reticular formation

71
Q

Rostral and caudal colliculi

A

On midbrain roof, form dorsal bumps

Visual and auditory processing

72
Q

Crus cerebri

A

Cerebral peduncles

Tracts that contain acorns that descend from cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord

73
Q

Red nucleus and substantia nigra

A

Important motor nuclei in ventromedial tegmentum

74
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus dorsal and hypothalamus ventrally

Third ventricle

CN II- optic nerve

Forms part of pituitary gland

75
Q

Pituitary gland formation

A

Pineal gland and infundibulum

76
Q

Internal capsule

A

Forms massive neural highway of communication between thalamus and cerebral cortex

Ascending axons convey sensory info from thalamus to cortex, conscious sensation

Descending from cortex provide feedback to thalamus and continue into internal capsule, crus cerebri, pyramids and terminate in brainstem and spinal cord

77
Q

Corticobulbar projections

78
Q

Corticospinal projections

A

Spinal cord

79
Q

Pineal recess

A

Outpocketing of 3rd ventricle extends into proximal pineal gland

80
Q

Infundibular recess

A

Ventral extension of 3rd ventricle into infundibular recess stalk of pituitary gland

81
Q

Lateral geniculate

A

Nucleus of the caudal thalamus is a prominent structure in visually dominant mammals

Receives axons from optic nerve

Midbrain

82
Q

Medial geniculate

A

Nucleus related to the auditory system

Large in auditory dominant species and receives input from the caudal colliculus

83
Q

Telencephalon

A

Continues after other regions

Cerebral cortex- neocortex, hippocampus and pyriform lobe

Subcortical nuclei of basal ganglia and amygdala

CN I- olfactory nerve

84
Q

Cortex

A

Arranged in distinct layers

85
Q

Rostral commissure

A

Boundary between diencephalon and subcortical telencephalon

86
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Bilateral unlike brainstem

So ventricular lumen is extended into left and right lateral ventricles

87
Q

Internal capsule telencephalon

A

Communication for telencephalon

Passes between caudate and putamen nuclei of basal ganglia

Axons leave and supply cortical targets forming corona radiata

88
Q

Cortical areas

A

Communicate with other areas in same hemisphere and in opposite

If cross hemispheres form corpus callosum= massive commissure

89
Q

Gyri development

A

Grow in thickness as neurons multiply and form dendrites and synaptic connections with incoming axons

If thinner with fewer neurons remain sulci

Smaller mammalian tend to be ungyrated

Gyration increases cortex inside the skull

90
Q

Neocortex, hippocampus and pyriform lobe

A

Outer region is gray matter, underlain is white matter

91
Q

Neocortex

A

Frontal, parietal,occipital and temporal lobes

Axons in or out travel via internal capsule, major white matter tract and becomes cerebral peduncle on ventral surface of midbrain and pyramids on ventral medulla

Exhibits 6 cellular layers of neurons to optimize info processing capacity

92
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Contains motor cortex

93
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Processes somatosensory information

94
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual information

95
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory processing

96
Q

Prefrontal areas

A

Rostral to motor cortex mediate key aspects of personality including emotional response

97
Q

Pyramidal cortical neurons

A

Vertically oriented dendritic trees and axons descend to enter white matter and travel

Excitatory= glutamate as neurotransmitter

98
Q

Non pyramidial cortical neurons

A

Local interneurons, immediate vicinity

Inhibitory

GABA neurotransmitter

99
Q

Hippocampus

A

Medial wall of telencephalon and lateral ventricle will separate it from the rest of the cortex

Dentate gurus

During development pulled into curbed trajectory

White matter bundle is the fornix, contains axons entering and leaving the hippocampus

100
Q

Hippocampus commissure

A

Axons from one hippocampus to the other hemisphere

101
Q

Fimbria

A

White matter associated with the cortex of hippocampal formation before being concentrated in the fornix

102
Q

Fornix targets

A

Mammillary bodies of diencephalon

103
Q

Hippocampus and memory

A

Place cells are neurons that fire only when the animal is in a particular location

Direct input from the entorhinal cortex

Fire at spaced locations- grid cells

104
Q

Spatial location and reward

A

Communication between hippocampus and ventral striatum

105
Q

Short term memory

A

Represented in hippocampus, long term is cerebral cortex

Memory consolidation during sleep

106
Q

Pyriform lobe

A

Rhinal fissure separates neocortex dorsal from pyriform lobe

Devoted to olfactory info from olfactory bulbs via lateral olfactory tract

3 cell layers

107
Q

Rostral commissure

A

Functions like the corpus collasum and hippocampal commissure for brain regions below rhinal fissure

Interconnects lobes

108
Q

Subcortical telencephalon

A

Basal ganglia is the largest associated

Amygdala

109
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Striatum- caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens

Pallidum- globus pallidus

Bisected by internal capsule

Striatum receives excitatory input from cerebral cortex and modulatory dopaminergic input from substantia nigra to midbrain

110
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Disrupts flow from thalamus to cortex, globus pallidus disrupted

111
Q

Amygdala

A

Survival reactions

112
Q

Multimodal cortical areas

A

Parietal, frontal and temporal

Respond to variety of stimuli

Can either be multi to Unimodal or multi to multi

113
Q

Working memory

A

Operates in parietal and frontal areas

Damage to one region results in hypoactivation of other regions due to interconnectivity- diaschisis

Neurology (13 decks)

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