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NEUROSCIENCE > Neurotransmitter > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of an nt?

A
  • A nt must be:
  1. Made @ PS1 (presynaptic) neuron (site of nt production and storage)
  2. Released @ PS1 axon terminal ( increased Ca2+= releases nt to cause an AP)
  3. Removed @ PS2 (postsynaptic) cell
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2
Q

How many types of nt are there?

A
  • 40 types, nature= amino acid, amine (mainly feel good nt), peptides
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3
Q

Dale states that 1 neuron produces 1 type of neurotransmitter, what is the exception?

A
  • GABAergic neurons can make glutamate and it’s derivative GABA
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4
Q

What are the 4 types of small rapid neurotransmitters & 4 types of slow neuropeptides?

A
  • Small = fast
  1. Class 1= Ach
  2. C2 Amines= Nad, Ad, DA, 5HT, histamine
  3. C3 AA= GABA, Glycerine, glu, asparte
  4. C4= nitric oxide
  • Neuropeptide = slow
  1. Hypothalamic R -> hormone = TRH, LHRH, GHIF
  2. Pituitary P = ACTH, - MSH, LH, TSH
  3. P @ Gut + Brain = insulin , glucagon
  4. @ other tissues= Angiotensin II, Calcitonin
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5
Q
  1. What is the principal way(s) that signals are transmitted between neurons in the adult human nervous system?
    a. Ions are released into the synaptic cleft between adjacent cells and diffuse across to the post synaptic membrane
    b. The cells are fused in a network and the electrical impulse travels along the plasma membranes of the cells
    c. There is a discharge of electricity from the pre-synaptic cell that induces a massive change in the permeability of the post-synaptic membrane
    d. Chemicals are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to their specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane
    e. b and d are both used extensively in the adult human nervous system
A

d. Chemicals are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to their specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane

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6
Q

Which statement is the MOST CORRECT about neurotransmitters?

a. They are synthesised by the presynaptic neuron in response to the generation of an action potential
b. Stores of neurotransmitter are located in the axonal terminal
c. Some are synthesised in the Golgi bodies in the soma of the neuron
d. All types of neurotransmitters are stored in secretory granules
e. With the exception of the amino acid neurotransmitters, all other neurotransmitters are synthesised in glia and exported to neurons for storage

A

b. Stores of neurotransmitter are located in the axonal terminal

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7
Q

. Which statement is the MOST CORRECT about neurotransmitter release?

a. The action potential induces the opening of voltage-gated neurotransmitter channels for neurotransmitter release
b. The action potential induces closing of potassium channels which triggers neurotransmitter exocytosis
c. Localised decreases in the intracellular sodium level induce neurotransmitter release
d. The action potential stimulates release of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles from the Golgi
e. Localised increases in the intracellular calcium level induce neurotransmitter release

A

e. Localised increases in the intracellular calcium level induce neurotransmitter release

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8
Q

How do neurotransmitters exert their effect on their target cell?

a. By binding to specific proteins located in plasma membrane of the target cell
b. They enter the cell via specific channels and alter the activity of cellular enzymes
c. By forming sodium channels in the plasma membrane of the target cell and thus inducing membrane depolarisation
d. By forming chloride channels in the plasma membrane of the target cell and thus inducing membrane hyperpolarisation
e. Both c and d occur depending on the actual neurotransmitter

A

a. By binding to specific proteins located in plasma membrane of the target cell

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9
Q

What is the principal process involved in terminating the signal at the synapse?

a. High levels of the neurotransmitter releases by the post-synaptic cell have a negative feedback effect on pre-synaptic neurotransmitter release
b. Reduced concentrations of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
c. Endocytosis of the post-synaptic receptor induced by neurotransmitter binding
d. The repolarisation of the presynaptic neuron
e. none of the above

A

b. Reduced concentrations of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

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10
Q

For which of the following neurotransmitters is degradation in the synaptic cleft the principal means by which its effects are terminated? a. acetylase

b. acetylcholine
c. dopamine
d. monoamine oxidase e

. both a and d

A

b. acetylcholine

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11
Q
  1. Which of the following neurotransmitters are synthesised from amino acids?
    a. serotonin
    b. noradrenalin
    c. glycine
    d. a and b are both synthesised from amino acids
    e. a, b and c are all synthesised from amino acids
A

d. a and b are both synthesised from amino acids

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12
Q

When glycine binds to its post-synaptic, ligand-gated receptor. Which of the following will occur in the post-synaptic cell?

a. Membrane permeability to calcium will increase
b. Membrane permeability to chlorine will decrease
c. Membrane permeability to GABA will increase
d. Membrane permeability to chlorine will increase
e. The cell will be come depolarised

A

d. Membrane permeability to chlorine will increase

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13
Q

Activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor means that the post-synaptic neuron is:

a. most likely to in turn release an inhibitory neurotransmitter like GABA
b. most likely to in turn release noradrenaline
c. most likely to be resistant to the generation of an action potential
d. most likely to be more responsive to the generation of an action potential
e. exocytose calcium

A

d. most likely to be more responsive to the generation of an action potential

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14
Q

Which of the following ARE NOT examples of transmitter-gated channels?

a. nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
b. AMPA-gated channels
c. metabotropic glutamate receptors
d. NMDA-gated channels
e. GABAA receptors

A

c. metabotropic glutamate receptors

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT CORRECT about NMDA-gated channels

a. Activation increase permeability to sodium, potassium and calcium
b. Channel opening is both ligand- and voltage-dependent

c. Agonists of the this receptor are used recreationally for their hallucinogenic effects
d. Permeability to calcium can blocked by magnesium
e. The ligand for this channel is glutamate

A

c. Agonists of the this receptor are used recreationally for their hallucinogenic effects

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16
Q

What is the role of G-proteins in G-protein-coupled receptors?

a. They are the specific binding sites for the neurotransmitter in the receptor
b. Activation or inhibition of effector proteins in response to receptor activation c

. They act as ion channels in the receptor

d. Synthesis of second messengers like DAG and IP3
e. c and d are both roles G-proteins can have depending on the type of G-protein

A

b. Activation or inhibition of effector proteins in response to receptor activation c

17
Q

What are 4 types of nt producing neurons classified as?

A
  1. Cholinergic (Ach)
  2. Catecholaminergic Neurons
  3. 5HT neurons
  4. Amino Adrenergic Neurons
  5. Other nt/ intracellular messengers (ATP, endocannabinoids, neuropeptides, nitric oxide)
18
Q

What are the 2 types of Receptors? Describe them:

A
  • Ionotropic (fast, chemical/voltage sensitive
  1. Glu gated channel
  2. NMDA channel
  3. GABA gated channel
  4. Gly= non GABA = inhibitory
  • Metabotropic= long, 2nd cascade
19
Q

Which of the following statement(s) are CORRECT?

a. Metabotropic receptors act as channels for low MW molecules that can not traverse the plasma membrane by simple diffusion
b. Ligand binding to metabotropic receptor does not affect post synaptic membrane potential
c. Metabotropic receptors can recruit second messenger pathways to mediate the signal of ligand binding
d. a and c only
e. a, b and c

A

Metabotropic receptors can recruit second messenger pathways to mediate the signal of ligand binding

20
Q

Which of the following events can occur in response to a ligand binding to its metabotropic receptor?

a. protein phosphorylation
b. changes in potassium permeability
c. phospholipid or fatty acid metabolism
d. a and b only
e. a, b and c

A

e. a, b and c

21
Q

Special proteins that form channels allowing ions to pass from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the next are:

a. neurites
b. electrical synapses
c. mitochondria
d. connexions

A

d. connexions

22
Q

Electrical synapses are so fast that an action potential in the presynaptic neuron can instantly produce an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

a. true b. false

A

T

23
Q

Active zones are located on the __________ side.

a. presynaptic
b. postsynaptic

A

A

24
Q

Which of the following is an example of a receptor agonist?

a. curare
b. alcohol
c. nicotine

A

C

25
Q

How many transmitter-gated channels are activated during synaptic transmission is dependent on the amount of neurotransmitter that is released.

a. true
b. false

A

T

26
Q

Drugs that bind to receptors and block the normal action of the transmitter are called ________.

a. receptor antagonists
b. receptor agonists

A

a. receptor antagonists

27
Q

In situ hybridisation can confirm that a cell synthesizes a particular protein or peptide.

a. true
b. false

A

t

28
Q

AMPA receptors are subtypes of __________ receptors.

a. kainite
b. NE
c. GABA
d. glutamate

A

d. glutamate

29
Q

Cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons can manufacture AChE.

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

30
Q

When catecholamines are released at a high rate, the activity of TH:

a. increases
b. decreases

A

increases

31
Q

Catecholamine inside the axon terminal may be reloaded into synaptic vesicles and reused, or enzymatically destroyed by the action of MAO.

a. true
b. false

A

t

32
Q

Serotonin reuptake may be inhibited by:

a. amphetamines
b. fluoxetine
c. cocaine
d. adrenaline

A

b

33
Q

Which of the following glutamate-gated ion channel causes a large and rapid depolarization?

a. AMPA
b. NMDA

A

a. AMPA

34
Q

Signal amplification can occur at several places in the cascade but only one ion channel can be activated by a G-protein.

a. true
b. false

A

t

35
Q

What are the four basic requirements for using chemicals as messengers in the nervous system? Now use the example of acetylcholine to illustrate this. -

A

Molecules must be synthesized in the presynaptic neuron

  • Molecules must be stored in the presynaptic neuron
  • The molecule must be released by the presynaptic axon terminal when stimulated - The molecule must produce a response in the post synaptic cell

* Mimics response produced by release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron

NEUROSCIENCE (18 decks)

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