Introduction to Neuroscience & Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 types of brain cells we have?
A
- Glia: support, insulate, nourish (SIN)
- Neuron: process, communicate, command (PCC)
2
Q
Describe structures of the neuron and their functions:
A
- Soma/ Perikaryon: has RER (ribosome= protein synth) + Mitochondria + organelles
- Cytoskeleton/bones: microtubule + microfilament + neurofilament
- Axon (hillock -> proper-> terminal) = terminal has no microtubule (thin), has synaptic vesicles, membrain protein + mitochondria
- Dendrites: receive message, synapse @ acon terminal to post synaptic dendrite spines
- Synapse= transfer synaptic info + electrical info convert -> chemical (if disruption in this transmittion -> leads to mental disorder
3
Q
What are the types of neurons based on classification?
A
4
Q
What are 3 main categories of glial cells?
A
- Astrocytes: most, fills in between neurons, ~ effects on growth, reg chem content @ extracellular space
- Myelinating Glia: CNS (Oligo’s), PNS (schwanns- insulate axons)
- Other:
- Ependymal: lining of fluif filled ventricles
- Microglia: phagocytes = removes waste
5
Q
What is neurological changes occur Alzheimers?
A
- Structural disruption of cytoskeleton @ cerebral cortex= microtubule tangles (assoc. protein Tau + protein amyloid)
- Tau meant to make microtubule straight, no Tau makes axon skinny
6
Q
What is mental retardation (MR) Describe mental retardation in association with changes in neural function
A
- MR= below average brain cognitive function
- IQ normal = 100, MR = 70 and below
- 2-3% humans have MR
- Cause: genes (low liver enzymes), down syndrome, accident/poor nutrition during pregnancies, poor environment during infancy
- Structure changes in MR= dendritic spines change and become long + thin-> failed circuitry
7
Q
Describe main difference in Alzheimers + Mental retardation
A
- Summary:
- Alzheimers = tangled microtubules (tau protein + amylod plaques)
- MR = skinny (dendritic) spines
