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NEUROSCIENCE > Motivation & Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation & Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Describe 2 theories of emotion

A
  • James: Brain processes stimuli first, fear is experienced –> then you react
  • Cannon: Your body is overwhelmed/ your reace by expression -> this tells brain to fear
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2
Q

Discuss the concept of the Limbic system and its importance to emotion noting (Limbic = experience + Expression of emotion / EEE)

A
  • Broca’s Limbic Lobe: ring around corpus callousum:
    • Cingulate gyrus
    • Medial surface of temporal lobe
    • Hippocampus
    • Memorise: A single guy (Cingulate gyrus) in a Temporary (temporary lobe) relationship with a Hippo (Hippocampus
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3
Q
  • The Papez Circuit
A
  • When limbic system talks to the cortex to create emotion, cortex linked with hypothalamus
  • Hippocampus = EXPRESSION of emotion (the smile on your face or tears on your eyes)
    • Rabies (disease by virus affecting nervous system) can damage hippocampus leading to hyperemotions
  • Anterior Thalamus : lesion can cause sundem bouts of laughing or crying…
  • Memorise: Cingulate cortex= experience (Guy is THINKING = EXPERIENCE about breakup)
  • Hypothalamus = expression
  • Loop: cortex (details of various emotion/ processing) info sent to single guy (cingulate cortex) which thinks about the experience and tells the HIPPO travels by river of fornix to reach the hypothalamus (dramatic hyppie which REACTS and is full of EXPRESSION)-> these reacts affect nuclei’s in anterior thalamus -> tells single guy -> tells cortex
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4
Q
  1. What emotion is mainly linked with the amygdala?
A

Fear

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5
Q
  1. Where is information from all sensory systems integrated in the amygdala?
A

Basolateral nuclei (contributes to emotion and memory)

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6
Q
  1. What is the pathway for info @ amygdala?
A
  • Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
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7
Q
  1. What happens when temporal lobectomy takes place?
A
  1. What happens when temporal lobectomy takes place?
  • This was experimented on rhesus monkeys
    • Led to less fear and anger + vocal/ facial expression fear
  • In humans (temporal lobe lesions, esp in amygdala) leads to FLAT emotions (kluver bucy syndrome)
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8
Q
  1. What can result from a bilateral amygdalectomy ?
A
  • Reduced fear
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9
Q
  1. What happens when you stimulate the amygdala?
A
  • Increased vigilance + anxiety + fear
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10
Q
  1. What is the nature of the memories formed by the amygdala?
A
  • emotional or painful events
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11
Q
  1. What can result from an amygdalotomy?
A
  • Less aggression
  • Less anxiety
  • Might have bad side effects though
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12
Q
  1. What other structure besides amygdla is associated with aggression and how is this structure inhibited?
A
  • Hypothalamus (inhibited by telencephalon)
  • Mid brain via 2 pathways where hypothalamus talks to brain stem:
    • Medial forebrain bundle -> ventral tegemental area = predatory aggression
    • Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus -> periaqueductal gray matter = affective aggression
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13
Q
  • What is the hypothesis on serotonin deficiency?
A

Less 5HT= more aggression

Drug PCPA blocked 5HT production found increase in aggression

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14
Q
  • What is motivation
A

The force (voluntary movement) which drives behaviour

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15
Q
  • Which brain structure regulates homeostasis and motivation?
A

LATERAL Hypothalamus can motivate your body in order to create homeostasis

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16
Q
  • What are 3 components of neuronal response
A
  • Humoral, visceromotor & somatic motor response
17
Q
  • What are the 2 states of energy balance?
A

Prandial state= anabolism (A= build up= glycogen + triglycerides)

Postabsorptive state= catabolism (C = break down for energy)

18
Q
  • What is leptin responsible for?
A

Regulate your body weight, can lower appetite and increase use of energy

19
Q
  • What areas of hypothalamus is affected in anorexia and obesity?
A

Anorexia= lAteral hypothalamic syndrome

Obesity = VentrOmedial hypothalamic syndrome

Both related to signalling of leptin

20
Q
  • Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for controlling feeding?
A

Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

21
Q
  • What happens when elevated leptin occurs?
A

Arcuate neurons @ hypothalamus (responsible for controlling feeding) which release aMSH and CART peptides are ACTIVATED

  • Anorectic peptides makes you less hungry
  • Spreads to areas responsible for making humoral, visceromotor and somatic responses: paraventricular nucleus (=humoral response), intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord, lateral hypothalamus
22
Q
  • What do arcuate neurons @ hypothalamus do?
A

Releases aMSH + CART peptides when high leptin= less appetite

Releases orexigenic peptides- NPY and AgRP when less leptin = increase appetite (activates PNS to stimulate feeding behaviour

23
Q
  • What neurons stimulate feeding behaviour and what do they contain?
A

Neurons @ LH contains Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) which prolongs consumptions + orexin which talks to cortex and promotes initiation of meal

24
Q

What are the 3 phases of feeding?

A
  • Cephalic, gastric, substraye (neck, stomach, broken down bits)
  • Cephalic= hunger when empty stomach, NPY/AgRP in neurons activated, remove ghrelin in cells of stomach that normally stop appetite
  • Gastric= Full, CNX / vagus picks up on stomach stretch and tells your brain, works with CCK , Insulin @ B cells in pancreas = anamobolism
  • Substrate = highest level of insulin in blood (tells body to build up)
25
Q

How can self motivation be stopped?

A
  • Blockage of DA receptors @ VTA
26
Q

What is the role of DA in motivation?

A
  • DA gives you motivation to eat food, not necessarily affect the hedonistic desire (liking) of food itself
27
Q

During a meal what spike occurs?

A
  • Mood elevation = rise in blood tryptophan + brain 5HT
28
Q

What does the drug dexfenfluramine (Redux) do?

A
  • Increases 5HT, suppress appetite
29
Q

What disorders occur in 5HT regulation?

A
  • Bulimia nervosa, anorexia, both accompanied with depression
30
Q

Which drug is used for Tx of imbalanced 5HT?

A
  • Antidepressants can elevate 5HT (e.g. fluoxetine- Prozac)
31
Q

What pathway triggers thirst?

A
  • Volumetric thirst -> Hypovolemia = lowered blood vol.
    • Kidney (blood coming to kidney, uses AII to communicat) + Heart (notices drop in BP, tells vagus) – brain->@ subfornical organ
  • Osmometric thirst -> hypertonicity = increased solutes in blood
    • @vasular organ of lamina terminalis, tells lateral hypothalamic areas (vasopressin secreting magnocellular cells) -> posterior lobe of pituitary -> blood out
32
Q

What is the role of vasopressin?

A
  • Its an antidiuretic hormone (anti pee), tells kidney to keep water
33
Q

What happens when loss of vasopressin secreting neurons of hypothalamus occur>

A
  • Diabetes insipidis
  • Polydipsia and polyuria
34
Q

What is normal temp our cells prefer?

A
  • 37 deg celcius
35
Q

What neurons are responsible for temp homeostasis?

A
  • Neurons @ anterior hypothalamus
36
Q
A

NEUROSCIENCE (18 decks)

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