Neurotransmitter

Question 1

NT at the skeletal NMJ

Answer 1

Ach

Question 2

Biogenic amines

Answer 2

catecholamines (NE, E, Dopamine)
indolamines
Histamines

Question 3

Dopamine

Answer 3

basal nuclei, limbic system, involved in motivation, drive reward, cocaine enhances the action of dopamine receptors

Question 4

What is most important in determining if a NT is excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 4

receptor type

Question 5

Indolamines

Answer 5

most prevalent is serotonin, 5-HT, excitatory and inhibitory functions depending on the action of it’s 16 subtypes of receptors, holy grail of pharmacology

Question 6

Histamines

Answer 6

inflammatory role in immune response, NT in posterior hypothalamus, modulate sleep/wakefulness

Destruction of HIstamine releasing neurons leads to an inability to stay awake. Anti-histamines can have this same effect.

control mechanisms by which memories and learning are forgotten

Question 7

CNS NT

Answer 7

amino acid derivatives

Question 8

excitatory AA derivatives

Answer 8

Glu, Asp, bind to excitatory receptor subtypes

Question 9

PCP

Answer 9

binds to Glu receptors

Question 10

inhibitory AA derivatives

Answer 10

GABA, receptor for GABA is a target of anti-anxiety drugs - benzodiazepines, enhances GABA secretion and production

Glycine - primarily at spinal cord (still CNS), binds to receptros associated with Cl- channels

Question 11

tetanus toxin

Answer 11

inhibits the release of GABA

Question 12

Which NT binds Cl- associated channels?

Answer 12

Gly, increase Cl- permeability in the post-synaptic neuron. cuases hyper polarization

Question 13

Where does Gly play a big role?

Answer 13

at thalamus, filters info coming in

Question 14

strychnine

Answer 14

competes for and blocks Gly receptors, no inhibition, too much excitement, hyerstimulation can lead to convulsions, hallucinations

Question 15

Neuropeptides

Answer 15

2 or more AA strung together

substance P, high levels in SC and hypothalamus, found in neurons that transmit PAIN, think nociceptors, these detect damage to tissue and reflected as PAIN, burning sensation

also OPIOIDS - endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins

Question 16

Capsaicin

Answer 16

there is a heat-activated Calcium channel which usually opens between 37-45 degrees C. CAPSAICIN lowers this temperature so neurons release substance P at a lower temperature.

Capsaicin patches depleted substance P. Sensation of “Heat” is really substance P being released. Pain “leaves” bc substance P runs out.

Question 17

Opioids

Answer 17

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, bind to same receptors as opium and morphine

sense of well-being, euphoria, runner’s high

Question 18

Nitric oxide

Answer 18

mostly excitatory effects at CNS, peripheral effect, relaxes endothelial walls (inner portion of blood vessels capillary wall dynamics) cardiovascular disease, erectile tissue, Viagra increases NO levels