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Biomedical Physiology > Body fluid compartments > Flashcards

Body fluid compartments Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells communicate across the cell membrane?

A

direct contact via gap junctions (involves connexons), common in heart, hepatocytes, and smooth muscle

Chemical signals

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2
Q

What are the different types of chemical signaling pathways between cells?

A

Inotropic - VG or CG channels
G-protein
catalytic receptors - tyrosine kinase
integrins - membrane-spanning proteins with a receptor on the outside leaflet and an anchor that goes through to the intracellular side

intracellular receptors - lipid soluble, often steroids, receptor is usually within the nucleus

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3
Q

What does an ionotropic signal do?

A

alters the ionic permeability of channels and/or pores; is either voltage gated or ligand gated (chemically gated)

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4
Q

How does the G protein signal work?

A

7 TMRs are often coupled with trimeric G proteins that in turn switch on an enzyme or cascade

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5
Q

What are examples of G-protein signaling?

A

cyclic nucleotides - adenyl cyclase

calcium mechanism

arachidonic acids mechanism

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6
Q

What part of the G protein acts as the herald to turn on adenyl cyclase?

A

Gs subunit, this is what the alpha subunit is called in this mechanism

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7
Q

Summarize the cyclic nucleotide mechanism

A

Epinephrine (1st messenger) binds 7TMR –> receptor integral protein changes conformation –>Gs changes conformation –>adenyl cyclase turned on –>converts ATP to cyclic AMP (2nd messenger) –> activates protein kinases –>kinase cascade

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8
Q

What enzyme shuts off the effect of the second messenger, catalyzing cAMP - 5’AMP?

A

phosphodiesterase

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9
Q

Summarize the calcium chemical signaling mechanism

A

hormone –> protein receptor changes conformation –>Gq changes conformation –>intracellular enzyme activity phospholipase C converts PIP2 into inositol triphophosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)–>IP3 migrates to the ER and causes it to release Ca++ into the cell (3rd messenger)–> Ca++ does many things.

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10
Q

What subunit of the G protein comes off in the calcium mechanism?

A

Gq

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11
Q

What enzyme affects PIP2, a phospholipid in the membrane?

A

phospholipase c

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12
Q

How does phospholipase c affect PIP2?

A

converts it to inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)

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13
Q

What does IP3 do ultimately?

A

Migrates to the ER and causes the release of Ca++

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14
Q

Where does arachidonic acid come from?

A

Phospholipase A2, a G protein increases its catalyzing activity

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15
Q

cyclooxygenases

A

thromboxanes (platelets)
prostaglandins (myriad effects)
prostacyclin (inihibits clots)

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16
Q

lipoxygenases

A

leukotrienes (allergic, inflammation runs)

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17
Q

glycocalyx

A

fuzzy layer on cells due to glycoproteins and glycolipids

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18
Q

amine signaling molecule

A

epinephrine

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19
Q

peptide/protein signaling molecule

A

cytokines and insulin

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20
Q

steriod signaling molecule

A

estrogen

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21
Q

two types of proteins ina plasma membrane

A

integral

peripheral

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22
Q

functions of proteins

A 
channels or pores (VG or CG)
transporter/carrier molecule
receptor
enzymes
cytoskeleton
cell identity markers (glycoproteins) - communicationa dn identification for immune system
23
Q

cholera toxin

A

receptor is a glycolipid involved in transport of fluids in GI tract

24
Q

blood group antigens

A

are glycoLIPIDS on the surface of RBCs

25
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CORRECT ABOUT GRADED POTENTIALS (GPs) VS. ACTION POTENTIALS (APs)

A

C. APs ARE ALWAYS DEPOLARIZING, GPs CAN BE DEPOLARIZING OR HYPERPOLARIZING

26
Q

bulk flow

A

pressure gradient driven

27
Q

bulk transport

A

endocytosis (phagocytosis or pinocytosis) and exocytosis

28
Q

The Na K ATPase

A

pumps 3 Na out for every 2 K in

29
Q

What is more important, the mean set point or the regulatory processes?

A

dysfunction occurs when the regulatory gatekeepers go awry

30
Q

what term deals with not the mean set point, but the changes that are necessary to keep the body functioning despite fluctuations?

A

allostasis, as opposed to homeostasis
allostasis allows for a different set point or a wider boundary,
acknowledges variation

31
Q

What are the three basic components of a physiological feedback system?

A

receptor - monitors changes and sends signal data to…
control center - sets the range of accepted values, generates output commands
Effector-generates output and accomplishes control center’s commands

32
Q

what are the two types of extracellular fluid?

A

interstitial and blood plasma

also in minor amounts lymph, synovial, CSF, aqueous humor, transcellular

33
Q

Of the body fluids, what fraction is ECF?

A

1/3

34
Q

Of the body fluids, what fraction is ICF?

A

2?3

35
Q

What percentage of body mass is ICF?

A

40%

36
Q

What percentage of body mass is ECF?

A

20%

37
Q

Of the ECF, what percentage is interstitial fluid?

A

80% (15% body mass)

38
Q

Of the ECF, what percentage is plasma?

A

20% (5% body mass)

39
Q

Can cross the capillary membrane but cant cross the

cell membrane

A

inulin

40
Q

What is the ratio of lipid to protein by weight?

A

50:50

41
Q

What is the ratio of lipid to protein by amount?

A

30:1

42
Q

What makes up the lipid bilayer?

A

phospholipids - 75%
cholesterol - 20%
glycolipids - 5%

43
Q

What do dense bodies anchor to the sarcolemma?

A

intermediate filaments

44
Q

Is the Na/K ATPase an example of anti port?

A

no, antiport is 2ndary active transport, secondary active transports use a concentration gradient as energy

The Na/K ATPase is primary active transport

45
Q

What does DAG do?

A

diacylglycerol activates protein kinases

46
Q

How is the G protein activated?

A

GDP is bound to the alpha subunit, and when that is replaced with GTP, the alpha enzyme moves away from its buddies and goes off to activate and target protein

47
Q

In the G protein mechanisms studied, what are the target proteins/molecules of the activated alpha subunit?

A

adenyl cyclase
phospholipase C
phospholipase A (Arachidonic acid)

48
Q

Adenyl cyclase is to ATP and cAMP as Phospholipase C is to…

A

PIP2 (phosphotidylinositol bisphosphate) gets split into IP3 (inositol triphosphate) and DAG (diacylglycerol)

The second messengers in the phospholipase C mechanism are IP3 and DAG, just like cAMP was in the adenyl cyclase mechanism.

49
Q

Adenyl cyclase is to ATP and cAMP as Phospholipase A is to…

A

phospholipid (general) converted to arachidonic acid

50
Q

cAMPs activity is activating PKA, which will in turn activate other enzymes that need phosphorylation

IP3 and DAG are the other analogs of cAMP in the Phospholipase C rxn. What do they do?

A

IP3 goes to the endoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++ stores into the intracellular fluid.

DAG activates other protein kinases.

Of the two secind messengers, DAG is more like cAMP and IP3 is kinda like DHP (kinda)

51
Q

cAMPs activity is activating PKA, which will in turn activate other enzymes that need phosphorylation

Arachidonic acid is the analog in its mechanism. What does it do? How is it different?

A

It is different in that a 2 types of enzymes will convert AA into its final product.

Cyclooxygenases will convert AA into thromboxanes (platelets) prostaglandins or prostacyclins (inihibits clot formation).

Lipoxygenases convert AA into the allergic inflammatry molecule LEUKOTRIENES.

52
Q

The phospholipase C reaction is different from the other two in what way? Is it similar to AA in any way? How does this difference effect the body?

A

It has a third messenger, Ca++. It could be said that the leukotrienes, prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes of the AA pathway are also third messengers.

Calcium can directly trigger cell function or it can form a complex with calmodulin (think smooth muscle)

53
Q

What is significant about the tyrosine kinase?

A

The receptor is directly associated with the kinase, how insulin works

Biomedical Physiology (14 decks)

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