Neurophysiology I Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three broad functions of the nervous system?
A
- sensory - perception of stimuli
- Integration - Data processing (CNS)
- Effector function - reactivity/response
2
Q
What is the CNS?
A
central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
3
Q
What is the PNS?
A
peripheral nervous system - 12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves
4
Q
What is always the somatic nervous system effector?
A
skeletal muscle
5
Q
What is another name for the visceral nervous system?
A
autonomic nervous system
6
Q
How is autonomic effector innervation different from somatic efector innervation?
A
ANS has 2 neurons going to the effector (smooth muscle, cardic muscle, or gland)
ALSO, they are doubly innervated, i.e. from the parasympathetic and the sympathetic
7
Q
fight, flight, fright, increase breathing, HR, sweat glands, generally stimulatory
A
SYMPATHETIC
8
Q
vegetative, maintenance
A
PARASYMPATHETIC
9
Q
1st motor neuron is short, 2nd motor neuron is long
A
sympathetic
10
Q
1st motor neuron is long, 2nd motor neuron is short (inside the effector)
A
parasympathetic
11
Q
What are the effectors for the ANS?
A
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland
12
Q
Astroglia
A
are the glue that holds the neuron it its correct spatial relationship, and they are the scafold by which the embryonic neuron learns to grows, guiding them to the right location, involved in nourishing the neurons
13
Q
establish the blood, brain, barrier
A
astroglia, prevent H+ ions, toxins, but not alcohol
14
Q
a glial cell that uptakes NT
A
astroglia
15
Q
a glial cell that repairs injuries in neurons
A
astroglia
16
Q
The most common type of glial cell
A
astroglia
17
Q
Glial cell that regulates pH
A
oligodendrocyte/dria
18
Q
Glial cell that particpates in iron metabolism
A
oligodendria
19
Q
glial cell that is the functional equivalent of Schwann cell, lays down myelin in the CNS
A
oligodendria, one oligodendrocyte can myelinated many interneuron axons
20
Q
The phagocytic glial cells of the CNS
A
microglia
21
Q
If overzealous, these glial cells could cause dementia
A
microglia
22
Q
These glial cells are found within the brain cavities, produce CSF, and are a possible source of neural stem cells.
A
ependymal cells, ciliated, cuboidal cells
23
Q
Another name for Schwann cells
A
neurolemmacytes, lay down myelin on neurons
In the PNS, one nerve axon has many Schwann cells.
24
Q
surround dorsal root ganglia, protect it
A
satellite cells
25
White matter of the CNS
tracts
26
White matter of the PNS
nerves
27
Grey matter of the CNS
Nuclei, generally networked together to perform certain functions and referred to as "centers"
28
Grey matter of the PNS
ganglia
29
Why are nuclei and ganglia unmyelinated?
These grey areas are synapse points. They do not need to be myelinated; they need to be exposed. They grey areas are clusters of dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of interneurons.
30
Why do PNS injuries have a better prognosis than CNS injuries?
Schwann cells develop a regenrative tube around the site of injury and secrete NGF (nerve growth factor) which helps the neurin to grow back. On the other hand in the CNS, oligodendrocytes secrete nerve growth INHIBITING factors. Therefore, CNS injuries are harder to heal.
31
Ascending tracts
spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
fasciculi cuneatus
fascicule gracilis
32
Descending tract
```
corticospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
rubrospinal
reticulospinal
```
33
extrapyramidal, subconscious commands
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
rubrospinal
reticulospinal
34
tract carrying conscious motor commands to skeletal muscle
corticospinal
35
originates in tectum, tectospinal
subconscious reactions, connotations, someone calls your name; moves head in rxn to sound, eyeballs track motion
36
vestibulospinal
muscle movements to maintain equilibrium (ie on a boat)
37
rubrospinal
originates in the red nucleus, tweaks motor commands, facilitates motor coordination
38
reticulospinal
starts in the reticular formation, maintains muscle tone and stimulates sweat glands
39
gyro just anterior to central sulcus
primary motor area, conscious motor commands originate here, origin point of the corticospinal tract, has a somatotopic map
40
area anterior to primary motor area
premotor area - the area of the brain that controls practiced, learned, complex movements, subarea is Broca's area
41
Language area
frontal lobe, translates thought to speech, Broca's area, controls lip and tongue movemt whe you talk, speech (not choice of words) actual motor movements involved
42
Where is Broca's area?
a subarea of the premotor area (practiced motor area)
43
Gyri posterior to central sulcus of the parietal lobe
parietal lobe, primary somatosensory area= touch, pressure, pain, temperature, also has a somatotopic map of the body
44
What area puts the primary somatosensory area into context?
somatosensory association area, parietal lobe
45
All primary sensation areas have
association areas, puts information into context, accesses memories
46
Where is the primary vision area?
occipital lobe, eye>optic nerve>interneuron>occipital lobe>primary vision area> visual association area
47
What sensory areas are in the temporal lobe?
primary auditory area, auditory associaiton area
primary gustatory area w/ association area (superior to olfactory)
primary olfactory area w/ association area
48
Prefrontal area/cortex
seat of reasoning, abstract thinking, integration area, cognition area, initiates thought, planning, concentration
49
General Interpretative Area/ Gnostic area
assess situations, develop ideas, carry out plan, junction of frontal temporal and parietal lobes
Language area is here (Wernicke's). Choice of words
50
Where is the Wernicke's area?
temporal lobe, Gnostic area, translate what is heard as speech into thoughts, chooses words for language
51
Which sex is much more lateralized? One hemisphere tends to be dominant
Males
If a male has a stroke, he is about 6x more likely to lose motor function on opposite side of damage. Why? corticospinal tract decussates
52
Left hemisphere
math and science relationships
reasoning
spoken and written language
53
Right hemisphere
music, art, space, pattern perception, insight, imagination, mental images of sensory input
54
tracts that run from one hemisphere to the other
commisural tracts, biggest one is the corpus colossum, biggest sexual dimporhism, more connection in women than men
55
association tracts
run anterior to posterior and vice versa, runs within the same hemisphere
56
projection tracts
run up and down to other parts or receive from other parts
57
pain and temperature pathways are carried by
lateral spinothalamic tracts
58
coarse touch and coarse pressure carried by
anterior spinothalamic tract
59
What area of the cortex does the corticospinal tract begin?
primary motor cortex
60
Death of cells in the basal nuclei
Parkinson's, dopaminergic cells
61
What are basal nuclei?
internal grey They function in fine tuning and modulation of conscious motor commands
62
cant control/end movement, uncontrollable flailing, cant stop movement
Huntingdon's Chorea
63
animal brain, paleocortex, core of the mushroom
diencephalon, thalamus and the hypothalamus
64
All sensory information (except olfaction) synapses here
thalamus
65
Where do all cortical commands synapse in the CNS?
thalamus
66
What is the major nucleus of the thalamus?
hippocampus, an area of memory, where memory resides, you have to access memories to be able to associate
67
hypothalamus
the highest regulator of the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, highest amount of interaction between endocrine and ANS
68
What kind of nuclei do we see in the hypothalamus?
```
basic instincts,
circadian clock,
male and female sexual behavior
temperature regulation
thirst and hunger and satiety centers
maternal instinct
aggresion
phobia of new stimuli
```
69
limbic system
series of nuclei that span the thalamus and the hypothalamus, "emotional brain" integrates an emotional context on sensory information coming in, pleasure centers here
70
How can you feel emotions viscerally?
limbic system is tied closely to the autonomic nervous system, reason we act so viscerally to moods, HBP, heart burn
71
psychosomatic illness
emotion induced illness
72
What neurotransmitters are out of balance in depression patients?
norepinephrine (generally too little)
dopamine
serotonin (generally too little)
OR generally too little of both, where medication prescriptions can be challenging
73
serotonin
5-HT
74
Dopamine
DA
75
norepinephrine
NE
76
xs of dopamine in the limbic system
schizophrenia
77
biological treatment of schizophrenia
dopamine receptor blocker
78
PROZAC
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Increases the concentration and time the NT stays in the synaptic cleft.
Blocks the inactivation/removal of serotonin
79
ceiling, top of midbrain
tectum
80
eyeball movements, neck movements
tectum (start of tectospinal tract)
81
muscle coordination of conscious complex motor commands
red nucleus
82
anterior to cerebellum, has transverse tracts, connects things to the cerebellum
pons, Latin for "bridge"
83
What do the pons' transverse tracts do?
conncets the ascending and descnding tract to the cerebellum, the mini me brain, muscle coordination
84
also has a somatotopic map of the body, has motor commands that go down too
cerebellum
85
pons nuclei
respiratory rate and depth, automatic control center without higher brain function
86
has descending and and ascending tracts, reticular formation nuclei
medulla oblongata
87
series of nuclei that are the origin of the reticulospinal tract
reticular formation, imprtant for setting muscle tone (motor)
88
vestibulospinal tract, mainatin equilibrium, the response, unconscious muscle commands to mainatin equilibrium
vestibular nucleus (motor)
89
sensory medulla nuclei (synapse points in the ascending tracts)
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
| their ascending tracts are the matching names of fasciculi
90
other nuclei in the medulla
vasomotor, cardiac, another respiratory center
91
cerebellum
mini cerebrum, external grey, gyri and sulci, somatotopic map, 2 hemispheres, white mater underlying the extenral grey, internal grey
Subconscious control of the skeletal muslce movements, muscle coordination
monitors what the upper brain commands while in the meantime getting real time info from the surrounding, supersceding and changing if need be
92
where the CSF is
subarachnoid space, central canal, ventricel of the brain
93
stuck right on the CNS
pia mater
94
fluid in the subdural space
serous fluid
95
Between vertebrae and dura mater
epidural space, blood vessels and lymph vessels here, also adipose.
In some areas, the epidural space is much wider, especially in the lumbar region. This is where the anesthetic during childbirth is put
96
between dura mater and arachnoid mater
subdural area, filled with serous fluid
97
between arachnoid mater and pia mater
subarchnoid space, this is a wide space, CSF is here
98
Is there epidural space in the cranial cavity?
No, continuous with the periosteum
99
How is CSF circulated/drained?
The dural sinuses are drained venously into the bloodstream. CSF is taken up from the subarachnoid space by arachnoid villi, where they empty the CSF into the dural sinuses fro return to the venous system.
100
What is the area that produces CSF?
choroid plexus
101
What is the end of the spinal cord called?
conus medullaris
102
How many cervical spinal nerves do you have?
8
103
How many thoracic spinal nerves do you have?
12
104
What is the cauda equina?
the splaying out of sacral spinal nerves
105
How many lumbar spinal nerves?
5
106
at what vertebrae/nerve does the spinal cord end?
L2
107
How many sacral spinal nerves
5
108
spinal tract carrying fine touch and pressure
fascicule cuneatus
109
spinal tract carrying proprioception
fasciculi gracilis
110
Where do the fsciculi g and fascicule C synapse first?
medulla oblongata, there are matching nuclei here
111
dermatome
an area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers going to a single posterior root
