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Biomedical Physiology > Neurophysiology I > Flashcards

Neurophysiology I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three broad functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. sensory - perception of stimuli
  2. Integration - Data processing (CNS)
  3. Effector function - reactivity/response
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2
Q

What is the CNS?

A

central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the PNS?

A

peripheral nervous system - 12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves

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4
Q

What is always the somatic nervous system effector?

A

skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What is another name for the visceral nervous system?

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

How is autonomic effector innervation different from somatic efector innervation?

A

ANS has 2 neurons going to the effector (smooth muscle, cardic muscle, or gland)

ALSO, they are doubly innervated, i.e. from the parasympathetic and the sympathetic

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7
Q

fight, flight, fright, increase breathing, HR, sweat glands, generally stimulatory

A

SYMPATHETIC

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8
Q

vegetative, maintenance

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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9
Q

1st motor neuron is short, 2nd motor neuron is long

A

sympathetic

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10
Q

1st motor neuron is long, 2nd motor neuron is short (inside the effector)

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

What are the effectors for the ANS?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland

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12
Q

Astroglia

A

are the glue that holds the neuron it its correct spatial relationship, and they are the scafold by which the embryonic neuron learns to grows, guiding them to the right location, involved in nourishing the neurons

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13
Q

establish the blood, brain, barrier

A

astroglia, prevent H+ ions, toxins, but not alcohol

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14
Q

a glial cell that uptakes NT

A

astroglia

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15
Q

a glial cell that repairs injuries in neurons

A

astroglia

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16
Q

The most common type of glial cell

A

astroglia

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17
Q

Glial cell that regulates pH

A

oligodendrocyte/dria

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18
Q

Glial cell that particpates in iron metabolism

A

oligodendria

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19
Q

glial cell that is the functional equivalent of Schwann cell, lays down myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendria, one oligodendrocyte can myelinated many interneuron axons

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20
Q

The phagocytic glial cells of the CNS

A

microglia

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21
Q

If overzealous, these glial cells could cause dementia

A

microglia

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22
Q

These glial cells are found within the brain cavities, produce CSF, and are a possible source of neural stem cells.

A

ependymal cells, ciliated, cuboidal cells

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23
Q

Another name for Schwann cells

A

neurolemmacytes, lay down myelin on neurons

In the PNS, one nerve axon has many Schwann cells.

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24
Q

surround dorsal root ganglia, protect it

A

satellite cells

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25
Q

White matter of the CNS

A

tracts

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26
Q

White matter of the PNS

A

nerves

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27
Q

Grey matter of the CNS

A

Nuclei, generally networked together to perform certain functions and referred to as “centers”

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28
Q

Grey matter of the PNS

A

ganglia

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29
Q

Why are nuclei and ganglia unmyelinated?

A

These grey areas are synapse points. They do not need to be myelinated; they need to be exposed. They grey areas are clusters of dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of interneurons.

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30
Q

Why do PNS injuries have a better prognosis than CNS injuries?

A

Schwann cells develop a regenrative tube around the site of injury and secrete NGF (nerve growth factor) which helps the neurin to grow back. On the other hand in the CNS, oligodendrocytes secrete nerve growth INHIBITING factors. Therefore, CNS injuries are harder to heal.

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31
Q

Ascending tracts

A

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
fasciculi cuneatus
fascicule gracilis

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32
Q

Descending tract

A 
corticospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
rubrospinal
reticulospinal
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33
Q

extrapyramidal, subconscious commands

A

tectospinal
vestibulospinal
rubrospinal
reticulospinal

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34
Q

tract carrying conscious motor commands to skeletal muscle

A

corticospinal

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35
Q

originates in tectum, tectospinal

A

subconscious reactions, connotations, someone calls your name; moves head in rxn to sound, eyeballs track motion

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36
Q

vestibulospinal

A

muscle movements to maintain equilibrium (ie on a boat)

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37
Q

rubrospinal

A

originates in the red nucleus, tweaks motor commands, facilitates motor coordination

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38
Q

reticulospinal

A

starts in the reticular formation, maintains muscle tone and stimulates sweat glands

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39
Q

gyro just anterior to central sulcus

A

primary motor area, conscious motor commands originate here, origin point of the corticospinal tract, has a somatotopic map

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40
Q

area anterior to primary motor area

A

premotor area - the area of the brain that controls practiced, learned, complex movements, subarea is Broca’s area

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41
Q

Language area

A

frontal lobe, translates thought to speech, Broca’s area, controls lip and tongue movemt whe you talk, speech (not choice of words) actual motor movements involved

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42
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

a subarea of the premotor area (practiced motor area)

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43
Q

Gyri posterior to central sulcus of the parietal lobe

A

parietal lobe, primary somatosensory area= touch, pressure, pain, temperature, also has a somatotopic map of the body

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44
Q

What area puts the primary somatosensory area into context?

A

somatosensory association area, parietal lobe

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45
Q

All primary sensation areas have

A

association areas, puts information into context, accesses memories

46
Q

Where is the primary vision area?

A

occipital lobe, eye>optic nerve>interneuron>occipital lobe>primary vision area> visual association area

47
Q

What sensory areas are in the temporal lobe?

A

primary auditory area, auditory associaiton area

primary gustatory area w/ association area (superior to olfactory)

primary olfactory area w/ association area

48
Q

Prefrontal area/cortex

A

seat of reasoning, abstract thinking, integration area, cognition area, initiates thought, planning, concentration

49
Q

General Interpretative Area/ Gnostic area

A

assess situations, develop ideas, carry out plan, junction of frontal temporal and parietal lobes

Language area is here (Wernicke’s). Choice of words

50
Q

Where is the Wernicke’s area?

A

temporal lobe, Gnostic area, translate what is heard as speech into thoughts, chooses words for language

51
Q

Which sex is much more lateralized? One hemisphere tends to be dominant

A

Males
If a male has a stroke, he is about 6x more likely to lose motor function on opposite side of damage. Why? corticospinal tract decussates

52
Q

Left hemisphere

A

math and science relationships
reasoning
spoken and written language

53
Q

Right hemisphere

A

music, art, space, pattern perception, insight, imagination, mental images of sensory input

54
Q

tracts that run from one hemisphere to the other

A

commisural tracts, biggest one is the corpus colossum, biggest sexual dimporhism, more connection in women than men

55
Q

association tracts

A

run anterior to posterior and vice versa, runs within the same hemisphere

56
Q

projection tracts

A

run up and down to other parts or receive from other parts

57
Q

pain and temperature pathways are carried by

A

lateral spinothalamic tracts

58
Q

coarse touch and coarse pressure carried by

A

anterior spinothalamic tract

59
Q

What area of the cortex does the corticospinal tract begin?

A

primary motor cortex

60
Q

Death of cells in the basal nuclei

A

Parkinson’s, dopaminergic cells

61
Q

What are basal nuclei?

A

internal grey They function in fine tuning and modulation of conscious motor commands

62
Q

cant control/end movement, uncontrollable flailing, cant stop movement

A

Huntingdon’s Chorea

63
Q

animal brain, paleocortex, core of the mushroom

A

diencephalon, thalamus and the hypothalamus

64
Q

All sensory information (except olfaction) synapses here

A

thalamus

65
Q

Where do all cortical commands synapse in the CNS?

A

thalamus

66
Q

What is the major nucleus of the thalamus?

A

hippocampus, an area of memory, where memory resides, you have to access memories to be able to associate

67
Q

hypothalamus

A

the highest regulator of the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, highest amount of interaction between endocrine and ANS

68
Q

What kind of nuclei do we see in the hypothalamus?

A 
basic instincts, 
circadian clock,
male and female sexual behavior
temperature regulation
thirst and hunger and satiety centers
maternal instinct
aggresion
phobia of new stimuli
69
Q

limbic system

A

series of nuclei that span the thalamus and the hypothalamus, “emotional brain” integrates an emotional context on sensory information coming in, pleasure centers here

70
Q

How can you feel emotions viscerally?

A

limbic system is tied closely to the autonomic nervous system, reason we act so viscerally to moods, HBP, heart burn

71
Q

psychosomatic illness

A

emotion induced illness

72
Q

What neurotransmitters are out of balance in depression patients?

A

norepinephrine (generally too little)
dopamine
serotonin (generally too little)

OR generally too little of both, where medication prescriptions can be challenging

73
Q

serotonin

A

5-HT

74
Q

Dopamine

A

DA

75
Q

norepinephrine

A

NE

76
Q

xs of dopamine in the limbic system

A

schizophrenia

77
Q

biological treatment of schizophrenia

A

dopamine receptor blocker

78
Q

PROZAC

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Increases the concentration and time the NT stays in the synaptic cleft.
Blocks the inactivation/removal of serotonin

79
Q

ceiling, top of midbrain

A

tectum

80
Q

eyeball movements, neck movements

A

tectum (start of tectospinal tract)

81
Q

muscle coordination of conscious complex motor commands

A

red nucleus

82
Q

anterior to cerebellum, has transverse tracts, connects things to the cerebellum

A

pons, Latin for “bridge”

83
Q

What do the pons’ transverse tracts do?

A

conncets the ascending and descnding tract to the cerebellum, the mini me brain, muscle coordination

84
Q

also has a somatotopic map of the body, has motor commands that go down too

A

cerebellum

85
Q

pons nuclei

A

respiratory rate and depth, automatic control center without higher brain function

86
Q

has descending and and ascending tracts, reticular formation nuclei

A

medulla oblongata

87
Q

series of nuclei that are the origin of the reticulospinal tract

A

reticular formation, imprtant for setting muscle tone (motor)

88
Q

vestibulospinal tract, mainatin equilibrium, the response, unconscious muscle commands to mainatin equilibrium

A

vestibular nucleus (motor)

89
Q

sensory medulla nuclei (synapse points in the ascending tracts)

A

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus

their ascending tracts are the matching names of fasciculi

90
Q

other nuclei in the medulla

A

vasomotor, cardiac, another respiratory center

91
Q

cerebellum

A

mini cerebrum, external grey, gyri and sulci, somatotopic map, 2 hemispheres, white mater underlying the extenral grey, internal grey

Subconscious control of the skeletal muslce movements, muscle coordination

monitors what the upper brain commands while in the meantime getting real time info from the surrounding, supersceding and changing if need be

92
Q

where the CSF is

A

subarachnoid space, central canal, ventricel of the brain

93
Q

stuck right on the CNS

A

pia mater

94
Q

fluid in the subdural space

A

serous fluid

95
Q

Between vertebrae and dura mater

A

epidural space, blood vessels and lymph vessels here, also adipose.

In some areas, the epidural space is much wider, especially in the lumbar region. This is where the anesthetic during childbirth is put

96
Q

between dura mater and arachnoid mater

A

subdural area, filled with serous fluid

97
Q

between arachnoid mater and pia mater

A

subarchnoid space, this is a wide space, CSF is here

98
Q

Is there epidural space in the cranial cavity?

A

No, continuous with the periosteum

99
Q

How is CSF circulated/drained?

A

The dural sinuses are drained venously into the bloodstream. CSF is taken up from the subarachnoid space by arachnoid villi, where they empty the CSF into the dural sinuses fro return to the venous system.

100
Q

What is the area that produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus

101
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

102
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves do you have?

A

8

103
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves do you have?

A

12

104
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

the splaying out of sacral spinal nerves

105
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves?

A

5

106
Q

at what vertebrae/nerve does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

107
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves

A

5

108
Q

spinal tract carrying fine touch and pressure

A

fascicule cuneatus

109
Q

spinal tract carrying proprioception

A

fasciculi gracilis

110
Q

Where do the fsciculi g and fascicule C synapse first?

A

medulla oblongata, there are matching nuclei here

111
Q

dermatome

A

an area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers going to a single posterior root

Biomedical Physiology (14 decks)

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