neuroscience (unit 2) Flashcards
bumps of skull represent mental abilities
phrenology
nerve cell that consists of many different parts
neuron
cells life support
soma
receives messages from other cells
dendrites
form junctions with other cells
terminal branches of axon
electrical signal traveling down the axon
neural impulse
covers axon of some neurons and helps speed neutral responses
myelin sheath
made up of gildi cells and provides nourishment, gaps are called nodes of ranvier
myelin sheath
autoimmune disorder where body attacks itself by mistake- results in nerve damage disrupting the communication between the brain and body.
multiple sclerosis
electrically charged atoms
ions
fluid inside resting axons has negatively charged ions- fluid outside axon has more positively charged ions.
resting potential
axons membrane is tightly guarded and selective about what it allows through its gates
selectively permeable
brief electrical surge that travels down axon and is generated by movement of positively charged atoms -in and out
action potential
positive ions enter neuron, making it more prone to firing action potential
depolarization
occurs when negative ions enter neuron, making it less prone to firing an action potential
hyperpolarization or repolarization
level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
threshold
after action potential is fired, it pauses for short period to recharge itself to fire again- 1-2 milliseconds before it can fire again
refractory period
moves positive ions out from inside of the neuron making them ready for another action potential
sodium-potassium period
if level of stimulation isn’t strong enough neuron will not fire
all or non response
remains same throughout length of axon - neurons can fire between 2 and 200 miles per hour
intensity
junction between axon tip of sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body or receiving neuron. tiny gap called synaptic gap or cleft
synapse
chemicals from sending neuron travel across synapse binding to receptor sites on receiving neuron influencing it to generate action potential
neurotransmitters
sacs that hold the neurotransmitters
vesicles
locations on received neurons where neurotransmitters bind
receptor sites
neurotransmitters in synapse reabsorbed into sending neurons through process of reuptake (brakes)
reuptake
located in bodies sense organs and send information from these organs to CNS/brain (incoming info)
sensory or afferent neurons
transmit info from one neuron to another within nervous system (connecters)
interneurons or association neurons
conveys information from central nervous system to bodies organs, glands, and muscles (outgoing)
motor or efferent neurons
regulates sleep dreaming mood, appetite, aggression - deficit= depression
seratonin
arousal or fight or flight in brain
norepinephrine/adrenaline
learning/ memory and muscle movement- deficit = alzheimer’s
acetylcholine
inhibitory (stops) deficit= huntington’s
GABA
surplus- schizophrenia deficit- parkinson’s disease
dopamine
neurotransmitters bind to receptors of receiving neuron in lock and key mechanism
take against when you have deficit
mimics effects on receiving neuron (EXCITES)
agonist mimic neurotransmitter
antagonist molecule inhibits
antagonist blocks transmitter
