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psychology > Neuroscience and Brain > Flashcards

Neuroscience and Brain Flashcards

1
Q

how does nervous system affect you?

A

basis of your mental activity and behavior

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2
Q

neurons communicate with

A

each other in your nervous system

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3
Q

neurotransmitters influence

A

your mental activity and behavior

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4
Q

what is a nervous system

A

network of billions of cells in the BRAIN and BODY, responsible for all aspects of what we FEEL, THINK and DO

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5
Q

three basic functions of nervous systems are

A

RECEIVE sensory input from world through VISION< HEARING<TOUCH<TASTE<SMELL
PROCESS the info in the brain by paying attention to it, perceiving it, and remembering it
RESPOND to the information by acting on it

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6
Q

central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that consists of BRAIN and SPINAL CORD

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7
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

enables nerves to connect central nervous system to SKIN, MUSCLES, ORGANS and GLANDS

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8
Q

peripheral has 2 systems

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-skin, muscles, and joints send signals to spinal cord and brain
-brain and spinal cord send signals to muscles joints and skin

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-glands and internal organs send signals to the spinal cord and brain
-brain and spinal cord send signals to the glands and internal organs>Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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11
Q

what are neurons

A

cells that receive, integrate and transmit info into nervous system

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12
Q

dendrites are

A

branchlike extensions of the neuron with receptors that detect information from other neurons

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13
Q

cell body

A

the part of neuron where information from thousands of other neurons is COLLECTED and INTEGRATED

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14
Q

axon

A

the long narrow outgrowth of a neuron that enables it to transmit information to other neurons

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15
Q

terminal buttons

A

part of neuron at the END of the axon that RELEASE chemical signals from neuron into synapse

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16
Q

synapse

A

site of COMMUNICATION between neurons through neurotransmitters

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17
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substance that CARRY SIGNALS from one neuron to another

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18
Q

the neuron are covered with a membrane which is

A

semipermeable membrane

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19
Q

ions such as SODIUM and POTASSIUM

A

move from outside the neuron to inside or vice versa

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20
Q

the movement of these ions across the membrane

A

enable neurons to COMMUNICATE

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21
Q

where does the neuron begin

A

at the resting state

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22
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse that travels along AXON and then causes release into SYNAPSE
-sodium ion ENTER and potassium ions leave

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23
Q

neurons communicate in 3 phases

A

PASS signals to receive neurons, RECEIVE signals from neighboring neurons, ASSESS the incoming signals

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24
Q

what is myelin sheath

A

fatty layer that insulated the axon
-To communicate, a neuron fire an action potential

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25
a neuron cannot fire just a little bit: it either fires or it does not
true
26
neurotransmitters in the synapse
neurons do not touch one another; they communicate chemically thru neurotransmitters RECEPTORS are specialized sites that specifically respond to certain types of neurotransmitters
27
what are two major ways in which neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse?
REUPTAKE and ENZYME DEGRADATION
28
Reuptake
involves reabsorbing neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron
29
Enzyme degradation
involves the breaking down of neurotransmitters
30
Postsynaptic neurons can produce signal of 2 types
Excitatory signals and Inhibitory signals
31
excitatory signals
increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential
32
inhibitory signal
inhibit the neuron--they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential
33
who did early studies of the brain
franz gall
34
what is phrenology
analysis of personality based on location and size of SKULL BUMPS
35
Electroencephalograph: EEG
this measurement is useful because different states produce different and predictable EEG patters
36
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
this technique measures changes in the bloods oxygen level
37
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
this technique uses a very fast and powerful magnetic field to momentarily disrupt activity in a specific brain region
38
the three main brain divisions are
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
39
forebrain
motivation, emotion, complex thought
40
midbrain
movement
41
hindbrain
survival functions, movement
42
spinal cord
body-to-brain and brain-to-body
43
what is the spinal cord
gateway for information between the brain and body and composed of 2 distinct tissues: GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER
44
gray matter
which consists mostly of cell bodies of neurons
45
white matter
which consists mostly of axons and the myelin sheaths that surround them
46
what does the hindbrain consist of
medulla, pons, and cerebullum
47
what does the medulla do
controls survival functions such as HEART rate and BREATHING
48
what does pons do
it regulated SLEEP and AROUSAL and coordinated movements of the left and right side of the body
49
what does cerebellum do
essential for coordinated MOVEMENT and BALANCE
50
where are the parts of the hindbrain located at
Medulla: top of spinal cord Pons: located above the medulla Cerebellum: located at the back of brain stem
51
what does the midbrain involve
reflexive movement of eyes and body
52
substantia nigra
initiation of voluntary motor activity -this region is critical for production dopamine
53
Parkinson's disease
is caused by death of substantia nigra cells and resulting loss of dopamine
54
the forebrain include two main areas
the cerebral cortex and 4 subcortical structure
55
what are the 4 subcortical structure
thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala
56
thalamus
gateway to the brain for almost all incoming sensory information before that information reaches cortex
57
hypothalamus
involve regulating body functions and influence motivated behaviors
58
hippocampus
associated with the formation of memories
59
amygdala
serves a vital role in our learning to ASSOCIATES things with EMOTIONAL response and in PROCESS emotional information
60
the outer layer of the forebrain is called
cerebral cortex
61
the cortex is divided into two halves
left hemisphere and the right hemisphere -connected by CORPUS CALLOSUM
62
what is the corpus callosum
massive bridge consisting of millions of axon that connect 2 hemisphere
63
the corpus callosum
provides information on the role and functions of the left and right hemispheres
64
occipital lobe
for vision
65
parietal lobe
sense of touch and for picturing the layout of spaces in enviroment
66
temporal lobe
auditory info and for perceiving objects and face
67
frontal lobe
movement and complex processes(rational thought, attention, and social processes
68
the somatic nervous system detects
sensory input and responds
69
the autonomic nervous system
regulates the body automatically
70
the endocrine system
behavior of hormones
71
nervous system is composed of
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
72
central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
73
peripheral nervous system
nerves throughout the body
74
somatic nervous system
transmits sensory signals and motor signals back and forth between the CNS and SKIN, MUSCLES, and joints
75
autonomic nervous system
transmits sensory signals and motor signals back and forth the CNS and BODY glands and INTERNAL ORGANS
76
endocrine system
a communication system that uses hormones to influence thoughts and action
77
hormones
chemical substance, released from endocrine gland that travel though BLOODSTREAM to target tissues
78
plasticity
property of brain that cause change through experience, drugs, or injury

psychology (5 decks)

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