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psychology > Neuroscience and Brain > Flashcards

Neuroscience and Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

how does nervous system affect you?

A

basis of your mental activity and behavior

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2
Q

neurons communicate with

A

each other in your nervous system

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3
Q

neurotransmitters influence

A

your mental activity and behavior

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4
Q

what is a nervous system

A

network of billions of cells in the BRAIN and BODY, responsible for all aspects of what we FEEL, THINK and DO

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5
Q

three basic functions of nervous systems are

A

RECEIVE sensory input from world through VISION< HEARING<TOUCH<TASTE<SMELL
PROCESS the info in the brain by paying attention to it, perceiving it, and remembering it
RESPOND to the information by acting on it

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6
Q

central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that consists of BRAIN and SPINAL CORD

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7
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

enables nerves to connect central nervous system to SKIN, MUSCLES, ORGANS and GLANDS

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8
Q

peripheral has 2 systems

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-skin, muscles, and joints send signals to spinal cord and brain
-brain and spinal cord send signals to muscles joints and skin

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-glands and internal organs send signals to the spinal cord and brain
-brain and spinal cord send signals to the glands and internal organs>Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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11
Q

what are neurons

A

cells that receive, integrate and transmit info into nervous system

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12
Q

dendrites are

A

branchlike extensions of the neuron with receptors that detect information from other neurons

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13
Q

cell body

A

the part of neuron where information from thousands of other neurons is COLLECTED and INTEGRATED

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14
Q

axon

A

the long narrow outgrowth of a neuron that enables it to transmit information to other neurons

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15
Q

terminal buttons

A

part of neuron at the END of the axon that RELEASE chemical signals from neuron into synapse

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16
Q

synapse

A

site of COMMUNICATION between neurons through neurotransmitters

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17
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substance that CARRY SIGNALS from one neuron to another

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18
Q

the neuron are covered with a membrane which is

A

semipermeable membrane

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19
Q

ions such as SODIUM and POTASSIUM

A

move from outside the neuron to inside or vice versa

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20
Q

the movement of these ions across the membrane

A

enable neurons to COMMUNICATE

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21
Q

where does the neuron begin

A

at the resting state

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22
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse that travels along AXON and then causes release into SYNAPSE
-sodium ion ENTER and potassium ions leave

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23
Q

neurons communicate in 3 phases

A

PASS signals to receive neurons, RECEIVE signals from neighboring neurons, ASSESS the incoming signals

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24
Q

what is myelin sheath

A

fatty layer that insulated the axon
-To communicate, a neuron fire an action potential

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25
Q

a neuron cannot fire just a little bit: it either fires or it does not

A

true

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26
Q

neurotransmitters in the synapse

A

neurons do not touch one another; they communicate chemically thru neurotransmitters
RECEPTORS are specialized sites that specifically respond to certain types of neurotransmitters

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27
Q

what are two major ways in which neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse?

A

REUPTAKE and ENZYME DEGRADATION

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28
Q

Reuptake

A

involves reabsorbing neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron

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29
Q

Enzyme degradation

A

involves the breaking down of neurotransmitters

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30
Q

Postsynaptic neurons can produce signal of 2 types

A

Excitatory signals and Inhibitory signals

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31
Q

excitatory signals

A

increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

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32
Q

inhibitory signal

A

inhibit the neuron–they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

33
Q

who did early studies of the brain

A

franz gall

34
Q

what is phrenology

A

analysis of personality based on location and size of SKULL BUMPS

35
Q

Electroencephalograph: EEG

A

this measurement is useful because different states produce different and predictable EEG patters

36
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

this technique measures changes in the bloods oxygen level

37
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

this technique uses a very fast and powerful magnetic field to momentarily disrupt activity in a specific brain region

38
Q

the three main brain divisions are

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

39
Q

forebrain

A

motivation, emotion, complex thought

40
Q

midbrain

A

movement

41
Q

hindbrain

A

survival functions, movement

42
Q

spinal cord

A

body-to-brain and brain-to-body

43
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

gateway for information between the brain and body and composed of 2 distinct tissues: GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER

44
Q

gray matter

A

which consists mostly of cell bodies of neurons

45
Q

white matter

A

which consists mostly of axons and the myelin sheaths that surround them

46
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of

A

medulla, pons, and cerebullum

47
Q

what does the medulla do

A

controls survival functions such as HEART rate and BREATHING

48
Q

what does pons do

A

it regulated SLEEP and AROUSAL and coordinated movements of the left and right side of the body

49
Q

what does cerebellum do

A

essential for coordinated MOVEMENT and BALANCE

50
Q

where are the parts of the hindbrain located at

A

Medulla: top of spinal cord
Pons: located above the medulla
Cerebellum: located at the back of brain stem

51
Q

what does the midbrain involve

A

reflexive movement of eyes and body

52
Q

substantia nigra

A

initiation of voluntary motor activity
-this region is critical for production dopamine

53
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

is caused by death of substantia nigra cells and resulting loss of dopamine

54
Q

the forebrain include two main areas

A

the cerebral cortex and 4 subcortical structure

55
Q

what are the 4 subcortical structure

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

56
Q

thalamus

A

gateway to the brain for almost all incoming sensory information before that information reaches cortex

57
Q

hypothalamus

A

involve regulating body functions and influence motivated behaviors

58
Q

hippocampus

A

associated with the formation of memories

59
Q

amygdala

A

serves a vital role in our learning to ASSOCIATES things with EMOTIONAL response and in PROCESS emotional information

60
Q

the outer layer of the forebrain is called

A

cerebral cortex

61
Q

the cortex is divided into two halves

A

left hemisphere and the right hemisphere
-connected by CORPUS CALLOSUM

62
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

massive bridge consisting of millions of axon that connect 2 hemisphere

63
Q

the corpus callosum

A

provides information on the role and functions of the left and right hemispheres

64
Q

occipital lobe

A

for vision

65
Q

parietal lobe

A

sense of touch and for picturing the layout of spaces in enviroment

66
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory info and for perceiving objects and face

67
Q

frontal lobe

A

movement and complex processes(rational thought, attention, and social processes

68
Q

the somatic nervous system detects

A

sensory input and responds

69
Q

the autonomic nervous system

A

regulates the body automatically

70
Q

the endocrine system

A

behavior of hormones

71
Q

nervous system is composed of

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

72
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

73
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves throughout the body

74
Q

somatic nervous system

A

transmits sensory signals and motor signals back and forth between the CNS and SKIN, MUSCLES, and joints

75
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

transmits sensory signals and motor signals back and forth the CNS and BODY glands and INTERNAL ORGANS

76
Q

endocrine system

A

a communication system that uses hormones to influence thoughts and action

77
Q

hormones

A

chemical substance, released from endocrine gland that travel though BLOODSTREAM to target tissues

78
Q

plasticity

A

property of brain that cause change through experience, drugs, or injury

psychology (3 decks)

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