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psychology > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

how do you create memories

A

by processing information

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2
Q

encoding

A

process of information so that it can be stored
-changing info into a NEURAL code the brain can use
EXAMPLE: reader is encoding visual input-the words and pictures on page to be stored

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3
Q

storage

A

the retention of encoded representations over time;
-MAINTAINS info for some TIME
EXAMPLE: reader is storing the encoded information, strengthening storage by taking notes

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4
Q

retrieval

A

the act of recalling or remembering when it is needed
-ACCESSING the info for use, if reader encodes and STORES well, he will later be able to retrieve the info and use it such as on an exam

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5
Q

encoding

A

processing information into the memory system

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6
Q

storage

A

retaining information over time

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7
Q

retrieval

A

recovering information from memory storage

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8
Q

how memories are unique

A

-your brain is more COMPLEX than a computer
-brain is unique
-human memory sometimes fail

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9
Q

limited attention

A

impairs creation of memories
-it can be hard to pay complete attention for an entire class period even with the most exciting

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10
Q

you maintain information in three memory stores

A

-sensory memory
-Short-term memory
-Long term memory

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11
Q

who proposed that we have 3 different types of memory stores

A

Richard Atkins and Richard Shiffrin

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12
Q

flashbulb memory?

A
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13
Q

sensory storage

A

memory storage system that briefly hold a limited amount of information from the 5 senses
5 TYPES: visual, auditory, smell, taste, and touch

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14
Q

short term storage

A

information that is not manipulated is lost
-briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness

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15
Q

long term storage

A

some information may be forgotten

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16
Q

sperling

A

concluded from his experiment that participants maintained many of the 12 items

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17
Q

working memory

A

an ACTIVE processing system that allows MANIPULATION of types of information to keep it available for current use. and for LONGER MAINTENANCE

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18
Q

working memory lets you actively maintain short-term storage!

A

short term storage may be a location for maintaining memories!

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19
Q

George miller noted that capacity of short-term storage is

A

7 items, which is referred to memory span

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20
Q

chunking is

A

using working memory to organize information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

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21
Q

long-term storage

A

memory storage system that allows relatively permanent storage of a probably unlimited amount of information

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22
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal

A

using working-memory processes to repeat info based on how it sounds; provides only shallow encoding of information

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23
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal

A

using working- memory processes to think about how new information relates to ourselves or our prior knowledge; provides DEEPER encoding of information for some successful long-term storage

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24
Q

primacy effect

A

refers to the better memory people have for items presented at the beginning of the list

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25
the recency effect
refers to better memory people have for the most recent items, the ones at the end of the list
26
example of primacy effect
people have a good memory for items at beginning of a list
27
example of recency effect
people also have a good memory for items at end of a list
28
schemas
decisions about how to chunk information depend on schemas, ways of structuring memories in long-term storage that help us perceive, organize, process and use information.
29
association networks
the meaning of information is organized in long-term storage based on networks of associations
30
spreading activation models
of memory, information that is heard or seen activates specific nodes for memories in long-term storage
31
what is Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?
32
function of storage
SENSORY: lets perception appear to b unified SHORT: maintains information for immediate use LONG:stores information for access and use at a later time
33
encoding for storage
SENSORY: in the sense it is experienced; visual, auditory, taste, smell, and touch +SHORT: primarily auditory, also visual and semantic LONG: primarily semantic, visual and auditory, dual coding provides
34
duration of storage
SENSORY: up to a second, depend on the sense SHORT: about 20 seconds, indefinite with working memory manipulation of items LONG: unlimited
35
capacity:
SENSORY: vast due to huge amount of sensory input SHORT: about 7 items, plus or minus 2, using working memory aids capacity LONG: unlimited
36
RETROgrade amnesia
A condition in which people LOSE the ability to ACCESS MEMORIES they had B4 a brain injury
37
What are the main reasons why we forget?
38
ANTEROgrade amnesia
A condition in which people LOSE the ability to FORM NEW MEMORIES AFTER experiencing a brain
39
what are the 2 main types of long-term storage
explicit memory, implicit memory
40
explicit memory
requires conscious effort and often can be VERBALLY described -has Episodic memory and Semantic memory
41
implicit memory
does not require conscious effort and often cannot be VERBALLY described
42
episodic memory
a type of explicit memory that includes personal experiences
43
semantic memory
explicit memory that includes knowledge abt the world
44
classical conditioning
employs implicit memory
45
procedural memory
a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills an behavior habits
46
prospective memory
remembering to do something at some future
47
prefrontal cortex is
working memory
48
temporal lobe
explicit memory
49
hippocampus
consolidation and spatial memory
50
cerebellum
implicit memory:procedural memory
51
consolidation
process by which immediate memories become lasting through long-term storage
52
reconsolidation of memories
once memories ACTIVATED , they need to be CONSOLODATED again for LONG term storage
53
RETREIVAL CUES
anything that helps a person access a memory in long term storage, including: CONTEXT -dependent memory, state-dependent memory, mnemonics
54
forgetting
inability to retrieve a memory from long term storage including: interference, blocking, absentmindedness
55
persistence
continual recurrence of unwanted memories from log-term storage
56
distortion
memory is flawed in several ways include, memory bias, flashbulb mentira
57
When a person is in the same context where the information was learned, the environment provides cues that aid access to the information.
58
Context-dependent memory effect
When a person is in the same context where the information was learned, the environment provides cues that aidaccess to the information.
59
what is MNEMONICS?
learning aids or strategies that retrieve cues to improve access memory
60
method of loci
a mnemonic associating item you want to remember with physical a location
61
retroactive interference
When access to older memories is impaired by newer memories.
62
Proactive interference
When access to newer memories is impaired by older memories.
63
Absentmindedness
the inattentive or shallow encoding of events. The major cause of absentmindedness is failing to pay attention
64
persistence
The continual recurrence of unwanted memories from long-term storage o Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
65
distortion
-Human memory is not a perfectly accurate representation of the past; it is flawed. * occurs due to memory BIAS, FLASHUBULB memories, misattribution, suggestibility, and false memories.
66
what is memory bias
changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes
67
flashbulbs memories
These vivid memories seem like a flash photo, capturing the circumstances in which we first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event.
68
Misattribution
occurs when we misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory
69
Suggestibility
When people are given misleading information, this information affects their memory for an event.
70

psychology (5 decks)

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