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psychology > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

how do you create memories

A

by processing information

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2
Q

encoding

A

process of information so that it can be stored
-changing info into a NEURAL code the brain can use
EXAMPLE: reader is encoding visual input-the words and pictures on page to be stored

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3
Q

storage

A

the retention of encoded representations over time;
-MAINTAINS info for some TIME
EXAMPLE: reader is storing the encoded information, strengthening storage by taking notes

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4
Q

retrieval

A

the act of recalling or remembering when it is needed
-ACCESSING the info for use, if reader encodes and STORES well, he will later be able to retrieve the info and use it such as on an exam

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5
Q

encoding

A

processing information into the memory system

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6
Q

storage

A

retaining information over time

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7
Q

retrieval

A

recovering information from memory storage

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8
Q

how memories are unique

A

-your brain is more COMPLEX than a computer
-brain is unique
-human memory sometimes fail

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9
Q

limited attention

A

impairs creation of memories
-it can be hard to pay complete attention for an entire class period even with the most exciting

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10
Q

you maintain information in three memory stores

A

-sensory memory
-Short-term memory
-Long term memory

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11
Q

who proposed that we have 3 different types of memory stores

A

Richard Atkins and Richard Shiffrin

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12
Q

flashbulb memory?

A
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13
Q

sensory storage

A

memory storage system that briefly hold a limited amount of information from the 5 senses
5 TYPES: visual, auditory, smell, taste, and touch

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14
Q

short term storage

A

information that is not manipulated is lost
-briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness

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15
Q

long term storage

A

some information may be forgotten

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16
Q

sperling

A

concluded from his experiment that participants maintained many of the 12 items

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17
Q

working memory

A

an ACTIVE processing system that allows MANIPULATION of types of information to keep it available for current use. and for LONGER MAINTENANCE

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18
Q

working memory lets you actively maintain short-term storage!

A

short term storage may be a location for maintaining memories!

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19
Q

George miller noted that capacity of short-term storage is

A

7 items, which is referred to memory span

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20
Q

chunking is

A

using working memory to organize information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

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21
Q

long-term storage

A

memory storage system that allows relatively permanent storage of a probably unlimited amount of information

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22
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal

A

using working-memory processes to repeat info based on how it sounds; provides only shallow encoding of information

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23
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal

A

using working- memory processes to think about how new information relates to ourselves or our prior knowledge; provides DEEPER encoding of information for some successful long-term storage

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24
Q

primacy effect

A

refers to the better memory people have for items presented at the beginning of the list

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25
Q

the recency effect

A

refers to better memory people have for the most recent items, the ones at the end of the list

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26
Q

example of primacy effect

A

people have a good memory for items at beginning of a list

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27
Q

example of recency effect

A

people also have a good memory for items at end of a list

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28
Q

schemas

A

decisions about how to chunk information depend on schemas, ways of structuring memories in long-term storage that help us perceive, organize, process and use information.

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29
Q

association networks

A

the meaning of information is organized in long-term storage based on networks of associations

30
Q

spreading activation models

A

of memory, information that is heard or seen activates specific nodes for memories in long-term storage

31
Q

what is Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?

A
32
Q

function of storage

A

SENSORY: lets perception appear to b unified
SHORT: maintains information for immediate use
LONG:stores information for access and use at a later time

33
Q

encoding for storage

A

SENSORY: in the sense it is experienced; visual, auditory, taste, smell, and touch
+SHORT: primarily auditory, also visual and semantic
LONG: primarily semantic, visual and auditory, dual coding provides

34
Q

duration of storage

A

SENSORY: up to a second, depend on the sense
SHORT: about 20 seconds, indefinite with working memory manipulation of items
LONG: unlimited

35
Q

capacity:

A

SENSORY: vast due to huge amount of sensory input
SHORT: about 7 items, plus or minus 2, using working memory aids capacity
LONG: unlimited

36
Q

RETROgrade amnesia

A

A condition in which people LOSE the ability to ACCESS MEMORIES they had B4 a brain injury

37
Q

What are the main reasons why we forget?

A
38
Q

ANTEROgrade amnesia

A

A condition in which people LOSE the ability to FORM NEW MEMORIES AFTER experiencing a brain

39
Q

what are the 2 main types of long-term storage

A

explicit memory, implicit memory

40
Q

explicit memory

A

requires conscious effort and often can be VERBALLY described
-has Episodic memory and Semantic memory

41
Q

implicit memory

A

does not require conscious effort and often cannot be VERBALLY described

42
Q

episodic memory

A

a type of explicit memory that includes personal experiences

43
Q

semantic memory

A

explicit memory that includes knowledge abt the world

44
Q

classical conditioning

A

employs implicit memory

45
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills an behavior habits

46
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something at some future

47
Q

prefrontal cortex is

A

working memory

48
Q

temporal lobe

A

explicit memory

49
Q

hippocampus

A

consolidation and spatial memory

50
Q

cerebellum

A

implicit memory:procedural memory

51
Q

consolidation

A

process by which immediate memories become lasting through long-term storage

52
Q

reconsolidation of memories

A

once memories ACTIVATED , they need to be CONSOLODATED again for LONG term storage

53
Q

RETREIVAL CUES

A

anything that helps a person access a memory in long term storage, including: CONTEXT -dependent memory, state-dependent memory, mnemonics

54
Q

forgetting

A

inability to retrieve a memory from long term storage including: interference, blocking, absentmindedness

55
Q

persistence

A

continual recurrence of unwanted memories from log-term storage

56
Q

distortion

A

memory is flawed in several ways include, memory bias, flashbulb mentira

57
Q

When a person
is in the same context where the information was
learned, the environment provides cues that aid access to the information.

A
58
Q

Context-dependent memory effect

A

When a person is in the same context where the information was
learned, the environment provides cues that aidaccess to the information.

59
Q

what is MNEMONICS?

A

learning aids or strategies that retrieve cues to improve access memory

60
Q

method of loci

A

a mnemonic associating item you want to remember with physical a location

61
Q

retroactive interference

A

When access to older
memories is impaired by
newer memories.

62
Q

Proactive interference

A

When access to newer
memories is impaired by
older memories.

63
Q

Absentmindedness

A

the inattentive or shallow encoding
of events. The major cause of absentmindedness is failing
to pay attention

64
Q

persistence

A

The continual recurrence of unwanted memories from long-term storage
o Posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD)

65
Q

distortion

A

-Human memory is not a perfectly accurate representation of the past; it is flawed.
* occurs due to memory BIAS, FLASHUBULB memories, misattribution, suggestibility, and false
memories.

66
Q

what is memory bias

A

changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes

67
Q

flashbulbs memories

A

These vivid memories seem
like a flash photo, capturing
the circumstances in which
we first learned of a
surprising and consequential
or emotionally arousing
event.

68
Q

Misattribution

A

occurs when we misremember the time,
place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory

69
Q

Suggestibility

A

When people are given
misleading information, this
information affects their
memory for an event.

70
Q
A

psychology (5 decks)

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