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1
Q

W hat is neutral stimulus?,

A

Before conditioning doesn’t naturally elicit response of interest

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2
Q

What is unconditioned stimulus?

A

Elicits UCR without prior conditioning

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3
Q

What is unconditioned response?

A

Unlearned reaction to UCS occurring without prior conditioning

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4
Q

What is conditioned stimulus?

A

Previously ns that, through repeated pairings with us now cause a Cr

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5
Q

What is conditioned response?

A

Learned reaction to a Cs occurring because of prior repeated pairings with an UCS

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6
Q

Step l

A

Before conditioning - the neutral stimuli produces no relevant response, the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus elicits the unconditioned response

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7
Q

Step 2

A

During conditioning- neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus to produce the unconditioned response

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8
Q

Step 3

A

After conditioning- the neutral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus . this CS produce a conditioned learned response which is usually similar to previously unconditioned response

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9
Q

summary

A

an originally neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus which elicits conditioned response

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10
Q

What are the 6 basic principles of classical conditioning

A

-higher order conditioning
-spontaneous recovery
-extinction
-stimulus discrimination
-stimulus generalization
-acquisition assessment

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11
Q

what is acquisition?

A

INITIAL STAGE in classical conditioning during which association between a neutral stimulus and a US takes place
1. neutral stimulus needs to come before the US for conditioning to occur
2. the time between the 2 stimuli should be bout half an second

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12
Q

stimulus generalization

A

when you produce a conditioned response to something that is similar to conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

when you DONT produce a conditioned response to stimulus that is similar to conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

extinction

A

gradual WEAKENING or SUPPRESSION of a previously conditioned response (CR)

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15
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

REAPPEARANCE of a previously extinguished conditioned response

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16
Q

example for extinction

A

if CS is presented many times without the UCS, IT stops producing CR

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17
Q

example spontaneous recovery

A

after rest period an extinguished CR Spontaneously recovers and if CS persists alone becomes extinct again

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18
Q

higher order conditioning

A

neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings with previously conditioned stimulus

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning in voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences

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20
Q

law of effect

A

probability of action being repeated is strengthened when followed by pleasant or satisfying consequences

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21
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens behavior it follows

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22
Q

punishment

A

any event that decrease behavior it follows

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23
Q

positive reinforcement examples

A

add desirable stimulus
EXAMPLE-getting a hug;receiving paycheck

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24
Q

negative reinforcement examples

A

remove an aversive stimulus
EXAMPLE;fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping

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25
Q

primary reinforces

A

normally satisfy an UNLEARNED biological need

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26
Q

secondary reinforces

A

LEARNED value (money praise)

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27
Q

what are the different schedules of reinforcement

A
  1. FIXED SCHEDULE: predicting basis
  2. VARIABLE SCHEDULE: unpredictable basis
  3. INTERVAL SCHEDULE: based on passage of time
  4. RATIO SCHEDULE: based on number of responses
28
Q

fixed ratio

A

reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
(sell 50 shoes,get a bonus)

29
Q

variable ratio

A

reinforce behavior after an predictable response sets (winning while grambling)

30
Q

fixed interval

A

reinforce the first response after a fixed time period
(check the mall the mail frequently when it’s suppose to arrive)

31
Q

variable-interval

A

reinforce first response after varying time interval (rechecking e-mail until you finally hear “You’ve got mail!”

32
Q

example fixed interval

A

“cramming schedule” where student procrastinate studying for a scheduled exam as long as possible and 5em study a lot just before exam

33
Q

a pop quiz schedule-where students must study more regularly for an unscheduled quiz?
fixed interval
variable interval
fixed ratio

A

is variable interval

34
Q

a “coffee card schedule” which produces consistent responding and then a small burst of responding as a person gets close to earning a free cup of coffee. the reinforcer is the free cup of coffee
+fixed interval
+variable interval
+fixed ratio
+variable ratio

A

fixed ratio

35
Q

a “slot machine schedule” which produces robust responding because gamblers never know how many times they must pull the lever before winning The reinforcer is winning
+fixed ratio
+variable ratio
+variable interval
+fixed interval

A

variable ratio

36
Q

shaping

A

reinforcement is delivered after successive approximations of the desired response

37
Q

shaping

A

reinforcement is delivered after successive approximations of the desired response

38
Q

positive punishment

A

administer an aversive stimulus
EXAMPLE;spanking a parking ticket

39
Q

negative punishment

A

withdraw a desirable stimulus
EXAMPLE; time out from privileges revoked driver’s license

40
Q

your new puppy pees on your rug so swat him with the newspaper
POSITIVE or NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

A

positive punishment

41
Q

you receive a speeding ticket and have to pay 300
POSITIVE and NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

A

Positive punishment

42
Q

giving a piece of candy for getting right answer POSITIVE or NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

A

positive reinforcement

43
Q

turning down the volume of a very loud radio
POSITIVE or NEGATIVE reinforcement

A

negative reinforcement

44
Q

collecting money for recycling cans POSITIVE and NEGATIVE reinforcement

A

Positive reinforcement

45
Q

social cognitive learning

A

emphasize the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior

46
Q

kohlers chimps insight learning (sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution)

A

is cognitive social learning

47
Q

kohlers chimps insight learning (sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution)

A

is cognitive social learning

48
Q

tolman and honziks rats built

A

a cognitive map and displayed latent learning (hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs)

49
Q

observational learning involves 4 process

A

attention
retention
motor reproduction
reinforcement

50
Q

attention

A

observational learning requires attention. This is why teachers insist on having students watch their demonstrations

51
Q

retention

A

to learn new behaviors we need to carefully note and remember the model’s direction and demonstration

52
Q

mirror neurons

A

fire in your brain and other persons brain every time you watch thee other engaging in an action

53
Q

general findings

A

learning leads to new synaptic connections alterations in many brain structures

54
Q

long term potentiation

A

the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons
-evidence supports the idea that long term potentiation is involved in learning and memory

55
Q

dopamine activity effects reinforcement

A

dopamine has a biological influence on reinforcing value
-drugs that block dopamine effects disrupt operant conditioning
-drugs that enhance dopamine activation increase reinforcing value of stimuli

56
Q

enriched vs deprived environments

A

lead to biological changes in both behavior and mental processes

57
Q

biological preparedness

A

built in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

58
Q

-taste aversion

A

classically conditioned negative associations of food with illness

59
Q

reinforcement

A

increase behavior

60
Q

punishment

A

decrease behavior

61
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increases behavior by ADDING something good

62
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increases behavior by REMOVING something bad

63
Q

positive punishment

A

decreases behavior by ADDING something BAD

64
Q

negative punishment

A

decrease behavior by REMOVING something GOOD

65
Q

classical conditioning involves

A

RESPONDEDNT behavior that occurs as an automatic response to stimuli

66
Q

operant conditioning involves

A

OPERANT BEHAVIOR that operates on the environment producing rewarding or punishing stimuli

psychology (3 decks)

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