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1
Q

W hat is neutral stimulus?,

A

Before conditioning doesn’t naturally elicit response of interest

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2
Q

What is unconditioned stimulus?

A

Elicits UCR without prior conditioning

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3
Q

What is unconditioned response?

A

Unlearned reaction to UCS occurring without prior conditioning

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4
Q

What is conditioned stimulus?

A

Previously ns that, through repeated pairings with us now cause a Cr

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5
Q

What is conditioned response?

A

Learned reaction to a Cs occurring because of prior repeated pairings with an UCS

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6
Q

Step l

A

Before conditioning - the neutral stimuli produces no relevant response, the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus elicits the unconditioned response

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7
Q

Step 2

A

During conditioning- neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus to produce the unconditioned response

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8
Q

Step 3

A

After conditioning- the neutral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus . this CS produce a conditioned learned response which is usually similar to previously unconditioned response

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9
Q

summary

A

an originally neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus which elicits conditioned response

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10
Q

What are the 6 basic principles of classical conditioning

A

-higher order conditioning
-spontaneous recovery
-extinction
-stimulus discrimination
-stimulus generalization
-acquisition assessment

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11
Q

what is acquisition?

A

INITIAL STAGE in classical conditioning during which association between a neutral stimulus and a US takes place
1. neutral stimulus needs to come before the US for conditioning to occur
2. the time between the 2 stimuli should be bout half an second

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12
Q

stimulus generalization

A

when you produce a conditioned response to something that is similar to conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

when you DONT produce a conditioned response to stimulus that is similar to conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

extinction

A

gradual WEAKENING or SUPPRESSION of a previously conditioned response (CR)

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15
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

REAPPEARANCE of a previously extinguished conditioned response

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16
Q

example for extinction

A

if CS is presented many times without the UCS, IT stops producing CR

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17
Q

example spontaneous recovery

A

after rest period an extinguished CR Spontaneously recovers and if CS persists alone becomes extinct again

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18
Q

higher order conditioning

A

neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings with previously conditioned stimulus

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning in voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences

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20
Q

law of effect

A

probability of action being repeated is strengthened when followed by pleasant or satisfying consequences

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21
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens behavior it follows

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22
Q

punishment

A

any event that decrease behavior it follows

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23
Q

positive reinforcement examples

A

add desirable stimulus
EXAMPLE-getting a hug;receiving paycheck

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24
Q

negative reinforcement examples

A

remove an aversive stimulus
EXAMPLE;fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping

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25
primary reinforces
normally satisfy an UNLEARNED biological need
26
secondary reinforces
LEARNED value (money praise)
27
what are the different schedules of reinforcement
1. FIXED SCHEDULE: predicting basis 2. VARIABLE SCHEDULE: unpredictable basis 3. INTERVAL SCHEDULE: based on passage of time 4. RATIO SCHEDULE: based on number of responses
28
fixed ratio
reinforce behavior after a set number of responses (sell 50 shoes,get a bonus)
29
variable ratio
reinforce behavior after an predictable response sets (winning while grambling)
30
fixed interval
reinforce the first response after a fixed time period (check the mall the mail frequently when it’s suppose to arrive)
31
variable-interval
reinforce first response after varying time interval (rechecking e-mail until you finally hear “You’ve got mail!”
32
example fixed interval
“cramming schedule” where student procrastinate studying for a scheduled exam as long as possible and 5em study a lot just before exam
33
a pop quiz schedule-where students must study more regularly for an unscheduled quiz? fixed interval variable interval fixed ratio
is variable interval
34
a “coffee card schedule” which produces consistent responding and then a small burst of responding as a person gets close to earning a free cup of coffee. the reinforcer is the free cup of coffee +fixed interval +variable interval +fixed ratio +variable ratio
fixed ratio
35
a “slot machine schedule” which produces robust responding because gamblers never know how many times they must pull the lever before winning The reinforcer is winning +fixed ratio +variable ratio +variable interval +fixed interval
variable ratio
36
shaping
reinforcement is delivered after successive approximations of the desired response
37
shaping
reinforcement is delivered after successive approximations of the desired response
38
positive punishment
administer an aversive stimulus EXAMPLE;spanking a parking ticket
39
negative punishment
withdraw a desirable stimulus EXAMPLE; time out from privileges revoked driver’s license
40
your new puppy pees on your rug so swat him with the newspaper POSITIVE or NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
positive punishment
41
you receive a speeding ticket and have to pay 300 POSITIVE and NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
Positive punishment
42
giving a piece of candy for getting right answer POSITIVE or NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
positive reinforcement
43
turning down the volume of a very loud radio POSITIVE or NEGATIVE reinforcement
negative reinforcement
44
collecting money for recycling cans POSITIVE and NEGATIVE reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
45
social cognitive learning
emphasize the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior
46
kohlers chimps insight learning (sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution)
is cognitive social learning
47
kohlers chimps insight learning (sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution)
is cognitive social learning
48
tolman and honziks rats built
a cognitive map and displayed latent learning (hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs)
49
observational learning involves 4 process
attention retention motor reproduction reinforcement
50
attention
observational learning requires attention. This is why teachers insist on having students watch their demonstrations
51
retention
to learn new behaviors we need to carefully note and remember the model’s direction and demonstration
52
mirror neurons
fire in your brain and other persons brain every time you watch thee other engaging in an action
53
general findings
learning leads to new synaptic connections alterations in many brain structures
54
long term potentiation
the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons -evidence supports the idea that long term potentiation is involved in learning and memory
55
dopamine activity effects reinforcement
dopamine has a biological influence on reinforcing value -drugs that block dopamine effects disrupt operant conditioning -drugs that enhance dopamine activation increase reinforcing value of stimuli
56
enriched vs deprived environments
lead to biological changes in both behavior and mental processes
57
biological preparedness
built in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
58
-taste aversion
classically conditioned negative associations of food with illness
59
reinforcement
increase behavior
60
punishment
decrease behavior
61
positive reinforcement
increases behavior by ADDING something good
62
negative reinforcement
increases behavior by REMOVING something bad
63
positive punishment
decreases behavior by ADDING something BAD
64
negative punishment
decrease behavior by REMOVING something GOOD
65
classical conditioning involves
RESPONDEDNT behavior that occurs as an automatic response to stimuli
66
operant conditioning involves
OPERANT BEHAVIOR that operates on the environment producing rewarding or punishing stimuli

psychology (5 decks)

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