Introduction & Research Methods

Question 1

What is psychology?

Answer 1

the scientific study
of BEHAVIOR (what we do) and MIND (inner
thoughts and feelings), which depend on
processing in the brain.

Question 2

what does the mind consist of

Answer 2

made up of all the mental activity lets us
PERCEIVE the world; we use our Senses to get information

Question 3

what does behavior consist of

Answer 3

all of our actions that result from sensing and interpreting information

Question 4

What is the nature-nurture debate?

Answer 4

Both nature and nurture influence our
psychological development

Question 5

What are the major subfields and
perspectives in psychology?

Answer 5

biological, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic,

Question 6

How does psychology use the scientific method?

Answer 6

A systematic procedure of
observing and measuring phenomena to answer questions about WHAT happens,
WHEN it happens, what CAUSE it, and WHY

Question 7

what does the scientific method consist of

Answer 7

theories, hypothesis and research methods

Question 8

ethical guidelines

Answer 8

Privacy, Confidentiality, Informed consent, deception, risks

Question 9

what is privacy

Answer 9

researchers must respect participants privacy

Question 10

what is confidentiality

Answer 10

participants info must be kept secret

Question 11

what is informed consent

Answer 11

informed consent means that people must be told about the research and can choose whether to participate

Question 12

what is deception

Answer 12

knowing a study’s specific goals can sometimes alter participants BEHAVIOR, so deception may be PERMISSBLE but must be revealed at the study’s end

Question 13

what is the risk

Answer 13

researchers CANNOT ask participants to endure unreasonable pain or discomfort

Question 14

what are ethical guidelines for human research participants

Answer 14

informed consent, voluntary participation, restricted use of deception, debriefing, confidentiality, alternative activities

Question 15

what are the rights of nonhuman participants

Answer 15

ADVOCATE believe nonhuman research offer significant scientific benefits. OPPONENTS question these benefits and suggest nonhuman animals cannot give informed consent

Question 16

general guidelines

Answer 16

psychologist must maintain high standard for both human and nonhuman animal research

Question 17

cycle of scientific method

Answer 17

1. literature review
2. testable hypothesis
3. research design
4. statistical analysis
5. peer-review scientific journal

Question 18

steps in scientific method

Answer 18

1. theory
2. hypothesis
3. testing hypothesis
4. analyze
5. report

Question 19

theory

Answer 19

a model of interconnect ideas or concepts that explain what is observed and makes predictions abt future events

Question 20

hypothesis

Answer 20

a specific prediction of what should be observed if a theory is correct

Question 21

testing the hypothesis

Answer 21

three main types of research methos to test your research question: descriptive, correlational and experimental

Question 22

analyze

Answer 22

the DATA to see whether your hypothesis is supported: summarize the raw data using descriptive STATISTCS, then use inferential statistics to determine DIFFERENCE EXIST

Question 23

report

Answer 23

results and embark on further inquiry

Question 24

what are 3 types of research method

Answer 24

experimental, correlational and descriptive methods

Question 25

descriptive methods

Answer 25

describes what is occurring -provides systematic and objective description

Question 26

what is correlational methods

Answer 26

TEST relationship between factors

Question 27

what is experimental methods

Answer 27

investigate what causes an outcome

Question 28

what are 3 descriptive methods

Answer 28

observational studies, self-reports, case studies

Question 29

observational studies

Answer 29

involving systematically assessing and coding observable behavior ; USED in LABS or NATURAL environments

Question 30

self-report

Answer 30

descriptive method that consists of obtaining self-reports from research participants -bias must be considered

Question 31

questionnaires or surveys can be

Answer 31

used to gather data from Large number of people in SHORT TIME

Question 32

case studies

Answer 32

case studies involve intensive examination of few unique people or organizations; used frequently with PYSCHOLGICAL DISORDERS

Question 33

Correlational method

Answer 33

research method EXAMINES how variables are naturally related in REAL WORLD; researchers make no attempt to alter variables or assign causation; Measure 2 factors and determine degree of association between 2 variables;

Question 34

examples of correlational method

Answer 34

Eating pizza cuts cancer risk, diet of fish can prevent teen violence Does your neighborhood cause schizophrenia Housework cuts breast cancer risk

Question 35

types of correlation: POSTIVE

Answer 35

POSTITIVE: 2 variables move in SAME direction either up or down

Question 36

types of correlation: Negative

Answer 36

NEGATIVE: 2 variables move in OPPOSITE direction either up or down

Question 37

types of correlation: ZERO

Answer 37

NO relationship between 2 variables; when one variable increase, the other can INCREASE, DECREASE or stay SAME

Question 38

experimental methods

Answer 38

research methods that TEST casual HYPOTHESES by manipulating independent variables and measuring effects on dependent variables

Question 39

experimental methods test causation

Answer 39

OPERATIONAL definition, INDEPENDENT variable, DEPENDENT variable

Question 40

operational definition

Answer 40

detailed description of the variables

Question 41

independent variable

Answer 41

variable that the experimenter manipulates to examine its impact on dependent variable

Question 42

dependent variable

Answer 42

variable that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable

Question 43

control group

Answer 43

in an experiment, a comparison group of participants, who receive no intervention or receive an intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated

Question 44

experimental group

Answer 44

in an experiment, one or more treatment groups of participants who receive the intervention of the independent variable being investigated

Question 45

control

Answer 45

is necessary to DETERMINE CAUSALITY; properly performed experiment depend on rigorous control

Question 46

confound

Answer 46

anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the study's different experimental conditions

Question 47

random assignment

Answer 47

placing research participants in condition of an experiment such that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of independent variable

Question 48

random sample

Answer 48

a sample that fairly represent population by allowing each member of population an equal chance of being included

Question 49

random assignment

Answer 49

participants are assigned at random to Control group -each person has EQUAL chance of being assigned in any group

Question 50

random sample

Answer 50

participants are selected at random from population. each person in population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 51

population

Answer 51

this is the group you want to know about (ex: college students)

Question 52

does TV increase aggression?

Answer 52

only an EXPERIMENT can determine cause and effect

Question 53

tools for student success

Answer 53

active reading, time management, grade improvement, additional resources

Question 54

time management

Answer 54

setting up realistic study, social and work schedule

Question 55

grade improvement

Answer 55

note taking, study habits, test-taking tips

Question 56

additional resources

Answer 56

instructions, classmates, study groups