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psychology > Introduction & Research Methods > Flashcards

Introduction & Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

the scientific study
of BEHAVIOR (what we do) and MIND (inner
thoughts and feelings), which depend on
processing in the brain.

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2
Q

what does the mind consist of

A

made up of all the mental activity lets us
PERCEIVE the world; we use our Senses to get information

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3
Q

what does behavior consist of

A

all of our actions that result from sensing and interpreting information

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4
Q

What is the nature-nurture debate?

A

Both nature and nurture influence our
psychological development

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5
Q

What are the major subfields and
perspectives in psychology?

A

biological, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic,

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6
Q

How does psychology use the scientific method?

A

A systematic procedure of
observing and measuring phenomena to answer questions about WHAT happens,
WHEN it happens, what CAUSE it, and WHY

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7
Q

what does the scientific method consist of

A

theories, hypothesis and research methods

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8
Q

ethical guidelines

A

Privacy, Confidentiality, Informed consent, deception, risks

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9
Q

what is privacy

A

researchers must respect participants privacy

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10
Q

what is confidentiality

A

participants info must be kept secret

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11
Q

what is informed consent

A

informed consent means that people must be told about the research and can choose whether to participate

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12
Q

what is deception

A

knowing a study’s specific goals can sometimes alter participants BEHAVIOR, so deception may be PERMISSBLE but must be revealed at the study’s end

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13
Q

what is the risk

A

researchers CANNOT ask participants to endure unreasonable pain or discomfort

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14
Q

what are ethical guidelines for human research participants

A

informed consent, voluntary participation, restricted use of deception, debriefing, confidentiality, alternative activities

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15
Q

what are the rights of nonhuman participants

A

ADVOCATE believe nonhuman research offer significant scientific benefits. OPPONENTS question these benefits and suggest nonhuman animals cannot give informed consent

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16
Q

general guidelines

A

psychologist must maintain high standard for both human and nonhuman animal research

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17
Q

cycle of scientific method

A
  1. literature review
  2. testable hypothesis
  3. research design
  4. statistical analysis
  5. peer-review scientific journal
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18
Q

steps in scientific method

A
  1. theory
  2. hypothesis
  3. testing hypothesis
  4. analyze
  5. report
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19
Q

theory

A

a model of interconnect ideas or concepts that explain what is observed and makes predictions abt future events

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20
Q

hypothesis

A

a specific prediction of what should be observed if a theory is correct

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21
Q

testing the hypothesis

A

three main types of research methos to test your research question: descriptive, correlational and experimental

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22
Q

analyze

A

the DATA to see whether your hypothesis is supported: summarize the raw data using descriptive STATISTCS, then use inferential statistics to determine DIFFERENCE EXIST

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23
Q

report

A

results and embark on further inquiry

24
Q

what are 3 types of research method

A

experimental, correlational and descriptive methods

25
Q

descriptive methods

A

describes what is occurring
-provides systematic and objective description

26
Q

what is correlational methods

A

TEST relationship between factors

27
Q

what is experimental methods

A

investigate what causes an outcome

28
Q

what are 3 descriptive methods

A

observational studies, self-reports, case studies

29
Q

observational studies

A

involving systematically assessing and coding observable behavior ; USED in LABS or NATURAL environments

30
Q

self-report

A

descriptive method that consists of obtaining self-reports from research participants
-bias must be considered

31
Q

questionnaires or surveys can be

A

used to gather data from Large number of people in SHORT TIME

32
Q

case studies

A

case studies involve intensive examination of few unique people or organizations; used frequently with PYSCHOLGICAL DISORDERS

33
Q

Correlational method

A

research method EXAMINES how variables are naturally related in REAL WORLD; researchers make no attempt to alter variables or assign causation; Measure 2 factors and determine degree of association between 2 variables;

34
Q

examples of correlational method

A

Eating pizza cuts cancer risk, diet of fish can prevent teen violence
Does your neighborhood cause schizophrenia
Housework cuts breast cancer risk

35
Q

types of correlation: POSTIVE

A

POSTITIVE: 2 variables move in SAME direction either up or down

36
Q

types of correlation: Negative

A

NEGATIVE: 2 variables move in OPPOSITE direction either up or down

37
Q

types of correlation: ZERO

A

NO relationship between 2 variables; when one variable increase, the other can INCREASE, DECREASE or stay SAME

38
Q

experimental methods

A

research methods that TEST casual HYPOTHESES by manipulating independent variables and measuring effects on dependent variables

39
Q

experimental methods test causation

A

OPERATIONAL definition, INDEPENDENT variable, DEPENDENT variable

40
Q

operational definition

A

detailed description of the variables

41
Q

independent variable

A

variable that the experimenter manipulates to examine its impact on dependent variable

42
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable

43
Q

control group

A

in an experiment, a comparison group of participants, who receive no intervention or receive an intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated

44
Q

experimental group

A

in an experiment, one or more treatment groups of participants who receive the intervention of the independent variable being investigated

45
Q

control

A

is necessary to DETERMINE CAUSALITY; properly performed experiment depend on rigorous control

46
Q

confound

A

anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the study’s different experimental conditions

47
Q

random assignment

A

placing research participants in condition of an experiment such that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of independent variable

48
Q

random sample

A

a sample that fairly represent population by allowing each member of population an equal chance of being included

49
Q

random assignment

A

participants are assigned at random to Control group
-each person has EQUAL chance of being assigned in any group

50
Q

random sample

A

participants are selected at random from population. each person in population has an equal chance of being selected

51
Q

population

A

this is the group you want to know about (ex: college students)

52
Q

does TV increase aggression?

A

only an EXPERIMENT can determine cause and effect

53
Q

tools for student success

A

active reading, time management, grade improvement, additional resources

54
Q

time management

A

setting up realistic study, social and work schedule

55
Q

grade improvement

A

note taking, study habits, test-taking tips

56
Q

additional resources

A

instructions, classmates, study groups

57
Q
A

psychology (5 decks)

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