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Psychology 1XX3 > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Separated mental processes of mind from physical process of brain. Mind seen as separate entity

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Communicate info

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3
Q

Receptive Zone

A

Part of neuron consisting of cell body and dendrites

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4
Q

Transmission Zone

A

Part of neuron consisting of axon and axon terminal

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5
Q

Cell Body

A

Contains important organelles

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive cells

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7
Q

Axon

A

Transmits signal within nueron

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8
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Cluster of branches

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9
Q

Terminal Boutons

A

Transmit signal to neighbouring dendrites

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10
Q

Glial Cells

A

Provide insulation, support, and nourishment

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11
Q

Inside Cell Body

A 
Potassium (+)
Protein Molecules (-)
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12
Q

Outside Cell Body

A

Chloride (-)

Sodium (+)

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13
Q

Leaky Potassium Channel

A

Always open

Positively charged potassium ions can pass through

Main Contributor to maintaining resting potential

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14
Q

Voltage Gated Potassium Channel

A

Closed in resting state of neuron

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15
Q

Sodium Channel

A

Sodium ions flow into cell in low concentrations

Flow of sodium far less important to resting state than potassium

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16
Q

Resting Potential

A

Chemical imbalance in the cell that is constantly fluctuating

About -70mv relative to extracellular fluid

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17
Q

Chemical Threshold

A

-50mv

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18
Q

Action Potential

A

Triggered once threshold is reached. 1.The first sodium channels begin to open. Na+ rush into neuron.

  1. Voltage gated potassium channel opens. K+ slowly pass out of cell
  2. Sodium channel closes. Loses positive charge as K+ leaves overshooting -70mv
  3. Voltage gate potassium channels close
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19
Q

Refractory Period

A

Period where another action potential can not be triggered.

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20
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

Maintains ion balance. Expels 3 Na+ and replaces them with 2 k+ ions. Requires energy and is slow and not important to action potential.

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin sheath in CNS

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22
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelin sheath in peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Allows for action potential to travel much faster

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24
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Action potential jumps through myelin sheath

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25
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin sheaths. Strengthens signal before next jump

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26
Q

Synapse

A

Indirect connection between neurons. Transmits signals.

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27
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that send signals. Found within vesicles

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28
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Space between 2 nuerons

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29
Q

Excitatory Post-Snyapitic Potential (EPSP)

A

Excite post-synaptic neuron toward action potential threshold. Multiple EPSPs must accumulate to reach threshold

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30
Q

Temporal Summation

A

EPSPs occur one after the other from same pre-synaptic neuron

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31
Q

Spatial Summation

A

EPSPs occur from multiple pre-synaptic neurons

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32
Q

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

Cl- channels open allowing Cl- to enter cell moving away from threshold

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33
Q

Neurogenisis (18 days)

A

Brain starts as neural plate

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34
Q

Neurogenisis (21 days)

A

Neural tube starts forming

35
Q

Neurogenisis (28 days)

A

Neural tube completely closes

36
Q

Founder Cells

A

Begin dividing in ventricular zone as soon as neural tube closes. Divide into either glial cell or neuron

37
Q

Radial Glial Cells

A

Produced before neurons. Neurons migrate along these cells to reach cortial surface causing the brain to grow from inside out

38
Q

Differentiation

A

Function of a neuron can be developed due to input from cells. Neurons reserved for another function can perform another task if it lacks the input to develop.

Neurons mature through making connections with each other and ones that dont prune away

39
Q

Neuraxis

A

axis of central nervous system curving at the top

40
Q

Dorsal

A

Behind neuraxis

41
Q

Ventral

A

in front of neuraxis

42
Q

Rostral

A

towards top of axis

43
Q

Caudal

A

towards bottom of axis

44
Q

Brain Lesions

A

abnormal tissues on brain tissues. Help study brain structures function

45
Q

Montreal Procedure

A

A thin wire would stimulate specific brain regions of humans

46
Q

Intracellular techniques (single cell)

A

Electrode records brain function of animal as stimuli are presented

47
Q

Neuroimaging

A

Used to study large-scale brain structures

48
Q

CT Scans

A

Individual x-ray slices of brain taken and pieced together to produce a picture of the brain. Cheap and quick but low resolution

49
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Powerful magnetic fields generated aligning hydrogen atoms throughout the brain. Gives a more detailed image structure.

50
Q

Functional Neuroimaging

A

Learn how brain functions relate to cognitive tasks

51
Q

PET Scans

A

Radioactive substance of glucose or oxygen injected in bloodstream.

52
Q

fMRI

A

produces clear image image of brain without need for radioactive tracer but is temporally imprecise

53
Q

EEG/ERP

A

Electrical activity of brain recorded through scalp using electrode cap

54
Q

Medulla

A

In hindbrain and is responsible for breathing, digestion, and heartrate

55
Q

Pons

A

In Hindbrain. Movement. Auditory perception. Processing.

56
Q

Reticular Formation

A

In hindbrain. Arousal. Motivation. Circadian rhythm. Posture. Balance.

57
Q

Cerebellum

A

In hindbrain and facilitates coordinated movement

58
Q

Hindbrain

A

These structures perform key bodily functions

59
Q

Midbrain

A

Processes perception, arousal, and motor control

60
Q

Tectum

A

Midbrain. Consists of superior colliculus (visual) and inferior colliculus (auditory)

61
Q

Tegmentum

A

Midbrain. Consists of red nucleus and substantia nigra

62
Q

red nucleus

A

motor control

63
Q

substantia nigra

A

reward related behaviours by releasing dopamine

64
Q

Forebrain

A

largest region of brain. controls complex functions

65
Q

Hypothalamus

A

stress response. regulates metabolism. regulates reproduction (hormone control, pregnancy, lactation)

Four Fs: Feed, Fight, Flight, Fuck

66
Q

Pituitary gland

A

releases and regulates hormones

67
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

receives signals from brain and releases stimulating hormines

68
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Releases oxytocin and vasopressin

69
Q

Oxytocin

A

involved in basic physiological functions. Lactation. Contractions in women. Possibly love and trust

70
Q

Vasopressin

A

Regulates thirst

71
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station to cerebral cortex

72
Q

Amygdala

A

decodes emotions

73
Q

Hippocampus

A

transfers short term memory to long term memory. connected to amygdala which is why emotional memories might be remembered better

74
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Ultimate control and information-processing center

75
Q

Gyri

A

ridge in cortex (buldges outwards)

76
Q

Sulci (indents)

A

Gap between gyri

77
Q

Fissures

A

Very deep sulci that often divide major areas of cortex

78
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Motor processing. Complex decision making and high-order thought

79
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Basic Visual processing. Complex visual processing begins

80
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somatosensory processing (processing of touch). Spatial representations.

81
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Below Sylvian Fissure. Processes form and identity of visual stimuli. Primary auditory cortex. Partially responsible for processing memory and language

82
Q

Brain Lateralization

A

Function sometimes specializes to one side of brain. Left brain language processing. Right brain related to spatial processing

83
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Joins two hemispheres and relays info to both sides

84
Q

Split Brain Syndrome

A

Corpus Callosum severed. Visual stimuli presented to left side of visual field can’t name object

Psychology 1XX3 (6 decks)

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