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Neuropsychological Flashcards

1
Q

What was neuropsychology before it became a new separate discipline?

A

An area of clinical psychology

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2
Q

What does neuropsychology focus on?

A

The relationship between brain functioning and behaviour

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3
Q

What is a neuron?

A

a nerve cell

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4
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

The neurons that convey messages to and from the rest of the body

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6
Q

What are the different sides of the brain called?

A

The cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

What is it called when one side of the brain controls motor responses on the opposite side of the body?

A

Contralateral control

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8
Q

What is contralateral control?

A

When one side of the brain controls motor responses on the opposite side of the body

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9
Q

What is the rubbery casing around the axon called?

A

The myelin sheath

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10
Q

Is the resting potential of a cell negative or positive?

A

Slightly negative

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11
Q

When is the electrical voltage of a cell absent of a disturbance or stimulant?

A

When it is in resting potential

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12
Q

What does Na+ stand for?

A

Sodium

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13
Q

What does K+ stand for?

A

Potassium

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14
Q

What is the state of Na and K when in resting potential state?

A

Na+ gates are closed

K+ gates are nearly closed

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15
Q

What maintains an electrical gradient (a difference in electrical charge)?

A

The neuron membrane

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16
Q

What it hyperpolarisation?

A

When the electrical signal drops until the charge inside is considerably less than the outside

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17
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

Na+ flowing into the cell to make the electrical signal very positive

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18
Q

When do the Na+ gates fly open?

A

When the cell threshold is reached (after some Na+ has seeped in)

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19
Q

When do the Na+ gates snap shut?

A

When the cell is depolarised completed (full of Na+)

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20
Q

When do the K+ gates fly open?

A

When Na+ gates snap shut (when depolarised and cell is more positive than the outside)

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21
Q

What happens when the K+ gates fly open?

A

K+ can move out of the cell because its more positive inside than outside

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22
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump do?

A

Remove sodium and bring back potassium to restore back to resting potential

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23
Q

When does the sodium pump kick in?

A

When hyperpolarised

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24
Q

What are the specialised junctions between neurons called?

A

Synapses

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25
When does synaptic transmission begin?
When the nerve impulse reaches the presynaptic axon terminal
26
What initiates the sequence of events that lead to the transmitter release and activation of receptors on the post synaptic membrane?
Depolarisation of the presynaptic membrane
27
What is an example of a neurotransmitter?
``` acetylcholine serotonin dopamine melatonin oxytocin glutamate ```
28
What do neurotransmitters do?
transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synaptic cleft
29
Neurotransmitters can be classified based on whether they are:
Excitatory or inhibitory (some can be both depending on the receptor type)
30
Where is acetylcholine released?
In the CNS and the neuromuscular junction
31
What type of neurotransmitter do people with depression need more of?
serotonin
32
What do people with Schizophrenia have too much of?
dopamine
33
Less acetylcholine is sometimes associated with which mental disorder?
Alzheimers
34
Dopamine and norepinephrine imbalances are strongly related to which mental disorder?
ADHD
35
What are two examples of a psychostimulants?
Cocaine (increases dopamine) | Ecstasy (increases serotonin)
36
What are two types of opiate drugs?
Heroin (reduce GABA and increase dopamine) | Morphine (reduce GABA and increase dopamine)
37
What does acetylcholine do?
Activates skeletal muscles
38
What is the largest part of the brain?
Forebrain
39
What is the forebrain mainly made up of?
The cerebrum (the two cerebral hemispheres)
40
What is the white matter that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
The corpus callosum
41
Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes:
frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
42
What are the temporal lobes in charge of?
auditory reception and processing visual information
43
What are the occipital lobes in charge of?
Visual reception
44
What are the parietal lobes in charge of?
Touch and bodily position
45
What are the frontal lobes in charge of?
Ordering and sorting information and motor skills (concentration, attention, planning, problem solving)
46
What is the area of the brain involved in regulation of breathing, balance and posture?
The cerebellum
47
What is the cerebellum in charge of?
Breathing, balance and posture
48
What is the area of the brain involved in regulation of eating, drinking, body temperature, sex and emotion?
Hypothalamus
49
What is the hypothalamus in charge of?
Regulation of eating, drinking, body temperature, sex and emotion
50
What is the area of the brain involved in expression of emotion?
The Lymbic system
51
What are the 3 parts of the lymbic system?
Amygdala, cingulate cortex and the hippocampus
52
What part of the brain was damanged in phineas gage?
The lymbic system
53
What are lesions?
changes to tissue resulting from injury or infection
54
Lesions manifest themselves in various behavioural deficits which include? (2)
Focal (at one site) | Diffuse (scattered across sites)
55
What is a hard sign?
A definite indicator of neurological deficit (e.g. through neuroimaging)
56
What is a soft sign?
An indicator suggestive of neurological deficit (e.g. inability to do something)
57
What are the 4 approaches to neuropsychology?
clinical cognitive neuroimaging connectionist
58
What is involved in neuropsychological assessment?
History/ background check Interviewing Testing
59
What is the benefit of neurological assessment?
``` diagnosis improve treatment early intervention monitor progress discount malingering ```
60
What are the different types of memory?
immediate vs short term delayed vs long term working memory
61
What does WMS-IV stand for?
Weschler memory scale/ test
62
Why are there two types of batteries of the WMS?
different age groups
63
What are the Index scores derived from the WMS?
``` Auditory memory, Visual Memory, Visual Working Memory, Immediate Memory, and Delayed Memory ```
64
What is the RAVLT?
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (for memory)
65
What are some confounds to memory assessment?
* Tiredness * Physical issues (affecting praxis) * Depression * Drugs * Anxiety & stress * Thought disorders (seem functional until testing) * ADD/ADHD
66
What are some tests for memory?
RAVLT WMS Wisconsin Card Sort Clock Drawing task
67
What are some tests for executive function?
Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Trail making task Tower of Hanoi
68
What is a test for language?
Boston Naming test
69
What would it indicate if someone was to adapt poorly to rule changes?
frontal-lobe lesions
70
What does perseverate mean?
To continue to respond in a previously correct fashion (to the previous rule)
71
Why is the clock task great for testing dementia?
Good daily task that could be done but may be missing details (signs of loss of executive function) More Sensitive than MMSE Good for early detection
72
What are the 3 conditions used in the ROCF (Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure) where participants have to draw figures?
Copy Immediate Recall Delayed Recall
73
In the example of an individual being referred for neuropsychological testing as a paramedic for reading what are your options?
1. Give standardised tests and decide on the basis of these whether there might be problems in the work environment. 2. Determine where there might be risks and devise a test to determine whether the risk exists.
74
What are some key red flags on the clock drawing task for people with dementia?
```  wrong time  no hands  missing numbers  number substitutions  Repetition  refusal ```

Psychological Assessment (10 decks)

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