Intelligence Flashcards
What did Spearman propose about intelligence?
g-factor
and
two-factor theory (developed factor analysis)
What did Binet and Simon develop?
children’s scale for selection
Who are some big names in intelligence testing?
Spearman (g/ 2 factor: factor analysis) Binet (children scale) Terman (stanford binet) Wechsler (WISC scale) Goleman (emotional intelligence)
What are some of the issues surrounding intelligence? (9)
- Nature vs. Nurture
- Achievement vs aptitude
- Generalisable validity (culture?)
- Labelling (self-for-filling prophecy)
- Factor structure
- Test bias
- Test gains
- Divergent thinking
- Different intelligences
How did WWI affect intelligence testing?
The need for mass screening recruits
What is one issue with emotional intelligence?
mainly Self-report
What is the difference between achievement and aptitude?
achievement: underlying quality
aptitude: potential for achievement
Current trends of thinking about intelligence?
- neural basis: 2 dimensions
- heritability affected by SES
- fruitless search for IQ related gene
- aerobics important
What are the two types of intelligence proposed by spearman?
fluid
crystallised
Which type of intelligence can be trained?
fluid
What does Wechsler argue about his subtests for the measure of intelligence?
They are different aspects of intelligence,
NOT different kinds of intelligence
Wechsler’s scale is the:
WAIS-IV: 10 subtests plus 5 supplementary subtests
What is the overall score obtained by doing the WAIS-IV?
FSIQ
What are the 4 index scores obtained by doing the WAIS-IV?
Verbal comprehension
Perceptual reasoning
Working memory
Processing speed
What would you score on the WAIS-IV if you were described as very superior?
130 (>98%ile)
What would you score on the WAIS-IV if you were described as extremely low?
What would you score on the WAIS-IV if you were described as borderline?
70-79 (2-8%ile)
Perceptual reasoning subtests can include activities that involve?
block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, figure weights, picture completion
What do people have to do during the block design task?
recreate the picture using blocks within in a time
What skills are involved during the matrix reasoning task?
analogical reasoning
serial reasoning
What types of tasks are involved in the verbal subtests?
similarities: say a word that is alike
vocab: meaning
info: crystallised intelligence
comprehension
What types of tasks are involved in working memory subtests?
digit span: forward (stm), backward (wm) and sequencing (wm & transformation)
arithmetic
letter-number sequence: U-6-H-5
What types of tasks are involved in the processing speed subtests?
symbol search,
coding
cancellation
What is discrepancy analysis?
How much does an individual with a disability differ from one without
What is the WAIS-IV used for?
- diagnosis of intellectual disability
- psycho-educational (placement, disability, giftedness also WISC-IV)
- differential diagnosis of neurological vs psychiatric disorders
- talent selection (organisations)
- intervention/ treatment targets
What are the 3 user responsibilities when using the WAIS-IV?
- training and experience
- safeguard materials
- no copying
What are some of the ‘fairness’ issues with the WAIS-IV?
- WAIS or WISC?
- Reevaluation wait 2 years
- Special needs populations
How much time should be taken to administer the WAIS-IV?
- up to 100 min for normal/ gifted
* up to 59 min for intellectual disability
How might you establish / keep rapport?
- talk generally/ informally
- ask questions
- statements of encouragement not right/ wrong
What order should the tests of the WAIS-IV be done?
core tests then supp subtests (maintain order if removing one test)
On what grounds might one engage in substituting one subtest for another during the WAIS-IV?
refuses to answer
disruptions
previously familiar
if same response to all items is being given
What constraints are there for selecting subtests to administer during the WAIS-IV?
No more than 2 subs for FSIQ or GAI
No supp for composite score
1 supp max for index score
What is the effect of having start points, reverse rules and discontinue points in the WAIS-IV?
shorten test time
reduce boredom
avoid not being able to answer
What should you do if additional time has been given to complete an item during the WAIS-IV?
do not score as correct
maintain rapport
Should time be adjusted if you had to repeat a question during the WAIS-IV?
No
When should questions other than the questions from the task be asked during the WAIS-IV?
When more info is needed
When should prompts be used during the WAIS-IV?
to teach/ remind of instructions
When should repetition be used other than being asked to repeat the question during the WAIS-IV?
To redirect/ divert attention/ avoid answering a question
When should you not repeat a task in the WAIS-IV?
In digit span and letter-number sequence
What are start points in the WAIS-IV?
place you begin (if intellectual disability always start with 1)
What are reverse rules in the WAIS-IV?
items before the start item (where the test doesn’t start at 1) - they EXTEND THE FLOOR
What should you do with the reverse items in the WAIS-IV when an examinee obtains a perfect score on the first two items administered (and doesn’t have to complete the lower items)?
Award full credit for those items automatically
What would a slash next to a reverse item mean in the WAIS-IV?
reverse items not attempted
What would a circle around an item mean in the WAIS-IV?
attempted and the score given
What happens in the WAIS-IV if the examinee does not obtain a perfect score on either the first or the second item administered?
reverse items are given in reverse sequence until 2 or more consecutive items gain a perfect score
If the examinee obtains a perfect score on the first item administered, but not on the second item administered in the WAIS-IV what should you do?
count the first item toward the reversal criterion of two consecutive scores
What are discontinuous rules in the WAIS-IV?
criteria for when to cease subtest (e.g. so many 0s in a row)
What should you avoid when thinking about discontinuing WAIS-IV administration with a client?
premature discontinuation
When scoring the digit-span or letter-number sequencing tasks when should you discontinue?
when all trials within a single item are 0
What is an example of how the WAIS-IV content changes across time?
Q. What should you do if you find an envelope with a stamp on it? -Smallpox fear!
Q. If you were in the woods, how might you find your way out? - Google maps!
Other than scores, what should be noted during the administration of the WAIS-IV?
Behaviour
