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Psych 3 > Neurophysiology (Lecture 3) > Flashcards

Neurophysiology (Lecture 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A
  • brain, spinal chord, nerves

- made up of 100’s of billions of cell (neurons and glia)

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2
Q

brain

A
  • only 10% of cells (100 billion) in the brain are neurons

- rest of the brain is non-neuronal

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3
Q

neurons

A
  • cells that are capable of sending and receiving chemical signals
  • conduct information with electrical signals
  • different types differ in location in the nervous system/morphology/chemicals they use to communicate
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4
Q

cell membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron

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5
Q

dendrites

A

the short processes emanating from the cell body which revieve most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons

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6
Q

axon hillock

A

the cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

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7
Q

axon

A

the long narrow process that projects from the cell body

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8
Q

myelin

A

the fatty insulation around many axons that makes the action potential move on faster

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9
Q

cell body

A

the metabolic center of the neuron also called the soma

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10
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

the gaps between sections of myelin

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11
Q

buttons

A

the buttonlike endings of the axon branches which release chemicals into synapses

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12
Q

synapses

A

the gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

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13
Q

membrane of a neuron

A

dynamic

-protein components change and move around = critical for neuroadaptations

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14
Q

functional units of biology

A

proteins; every action in biology is carried out by a protein/ enzyme

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15
Q

endoplasmic recticulum

A
  • system of folded membranes in the cell body
  • rough portions (those with ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of proteins
  • smooth portions (those without ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of fats
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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

the clear internal fluid of the cell

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized
-they are located on the endoplasmic recticulum

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18
Q

golgi complex

A

-connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

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19
Q

nucleus

A

the spherical DNA containing structure of the cell body

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20
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of aerobic (oxygen consuming) energy release

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21
Q

microtubules

A

tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons

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22
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells

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24
Q

multipolar motor neurons

A
  • projection neurons in the brain

- more than two processes extending from its cell body

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25
unipolar
- sensory neurons | - one process extending from its cell body
26
bipolar
- sensory neurons | - two processes extending from its cell body
27
interneurons
- in spinal cord and brain | - neurons with short axons or no axon at all
28
chemical neurotransmitters
amino acids, monamines, peptides
29
functional classifications of neurotransmitters
inhibitory, excitatory, modulatory
30
glia
- 90 % of bain - latin for glue = support neurons - make myelin - regulate nutriens and waste for neurons - response to injury, scar formation - we now know that they are more than structural support
31
Oligodendroglia (CNS)
- myelinates many axons | - myelin attacked in MS
32
Schwann cell (PNS)
- only myelinates 1 axon | - myelin not vulnerable to MS
33
astrocytes
- star shaped - assist in the transfer of chemicals (nutrients, and waste products) from the nervous system to the blood (wrapped around blood vessels) - take up and release ions and neurotransmitters
34
microglia
- respond to injured cells and infectious agents - must be incredibly sensitive to protect precious neural tissue - secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines
35
Einstein's Brain
- 1955 Thomas Harvey | - MC diamond= more glia in association cortex leads to higher IQ
36
membrane potential
difference in electrical charge between inside and ourside of the cell
37
At rest the cell is.......
POLARIZED
38
Ions
positively and negatively charged particles
39
K+ concentration
more concentrated inside of the cell (Na+/K+ pump)
40
Na+ and Ca 2+` concentration
more concentrated on the outside of the cell
41
selective permeability
- no ionic type is distibuted evenly across the membrane | - differential permeability due to ion channels
42
ration of K+ to Na+
40x | -at rest the cell membrane is 40 times more permeable to K+ than to Na+
43
random motion
- way that resting membrane potential is maintained | - motion down concentration gradient
44
electrostatic pressure
- way that resting membrane potential is maintained | - opposites attract and like repel
45
presynaptic cells
release neurotransmitters which diffuse across the synapse and bind to postsynaptic receptors - depoloarize (-67mV) = EPSP - hyperpolarize (-72mV) = IPSP
46
Postsynaptic Potentials
- graded - rapid - decremental
47
PSP integration
- whether or not a neuron fires an action potential depends on the summation of EPSPs and IPSPs over 1000s of synapses (temporal and spatial summation) - PSP converging adjacent to the axon hillock must reach the threshold of excitation to fire (-65mV)
48
Action Potential Properties
- massive but momentary reversal of membrane potential - all or none - action potential only involves those ions right next to the membrane - resting potential rapidly reestablished by random movement
49
absolute refrectory period
- 1 to 2 ms after initiation of AP | - AP only travels in one direction
50
relative refractory period
- possible to fire again but you will need more stimulation | - rate of APs relative to intensity of stimulation
51
Voltage Gated Channels
mediate changes in membrane permeability during the action potential
52
Inactivating Voltage gated Na+ channel
type of voltage-gated ion channel that mediates changes in membrane permeability during the action potential
53
Delayed (Rectifying) Voltage gated K+ channel
type of voltage-gated ion channel that mediates changes in membrane permeability during the action potential
54
At rest...
ng-K+ channel = OPEN vg-Na + channels = CLOSED vg-K+ channels = CLOSED
55
At rise....
ng-K+ channel = OPEN vg-Na + channels = OPEN vg-K+ channels = CLOSED
56
At fall....
ng-K+ channel = OPEN vg-Na + channels = INACTIVATED vg-K+ channels = OPEN
57
Action Potential Conduction
-propagation down the axon (orthodromic conduction as opposed to antidromic)
58
saltatory conduction
- occurs in myelinated axons - Na+ channels concentrated at nodes of ranvier - much faster than continuous conduction due to increased role of passive conduction down the axon and reduced leakage
59
speed of AP depends on...
- myelination | - size
60
Action Potential pathway
1. PSP elicted on soma and dendrites 2. PSP conducted decrementally to axon 3. if summated PSPs reach threshold of excitation = AP 4. AP conducted down axon non-decrementally 4. arrival of AP at terminal button = exocytosis of neurotransmitters
61
peptides
- large neurotransmitters - amino acid chains that are composed of 10 or fewer amino acids - short protein - released gradually in response to general increases in the level of Ca+ ions
62
EPSPs (EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS)
POSTSYNAPTIC DEPOLARIZATIONS
63
IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)
post synaptic hyperpolarizations | -decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire
64
temporal summation
- postsynaptic potential produced in rapid succession at the same synapse - these sum to form a greater signal
65
spatial summation
- local EPSPs(or IPSPs) that are produced simultaneously on different parts of the receptive membrane sum - form a larger EPSP (or IPSP)

Psych 3 (13 decks)

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