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Psych 3 > Neurophysiology (Lecture 3) > Flashcards

Neurophysiology (Lecture 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous System

A
  • brain, spinal chord, nerves

- made up of 100’s of billions of cell (neurons and glia)

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2
Q

brain

A
  • only 10% of cells (100 billion) in the brain are neurons

- rest of the brain is non-neuronal

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3
Q

neurons

A
  • cells that are capable of sending and receiving chemical signals
  • conduct information with electrical signals
  • different types differ in location in the nervous system/morphology/chemicals they use to communicate
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4
Q

cell membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron

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5
Q

dendrites

A

the short processes emanating from the cell body which revieve most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons

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6
Q

axon hillock

A

the cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

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7
Q

axon

A

the long narrow process that projects from the cell body

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8
Q

myelin

A

the fatty insulation around many axons that makes the action potential move on faster

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9
Q

cell body

A

the metabolic center of the neuron also called the soma

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10
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

the gaps between sections of myelin

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11
Q

buttons

A

the buttonlike endings of the axon branches which release chemicals into synapses

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12
Q

synapses

A

the gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

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13
Q

membrane of a neuron

A

dynamic

-protein components change and move around = critical for neuroadaptations

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14
Q

functional units of biology

A

proteins; every action in biology is carried out by a protein/ enzyme

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15
Q

endoplasmic recticulum

A
  • system of folded membranes in the cell body
  • rough portions (those with ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of proteins
  • smooth portions (those without ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of fats
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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

the clear internal fluid of the cell

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized
-they are located on the endoplasmic recticulum

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18
Q

golgi complex

A

-connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

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19
Q

nucleus

A

the spherical DNA containing structure of the cell body

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20
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of aerobic (oxygen consuming) energy release

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21
Q

microtubules

A

tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons

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22
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells

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24
Q

multipolar motor neurons

A
  • projection neurons in the brain

- more than two processes extending from its cell body

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25
Q

unipolar

A
  • sensory neurons

- one process extending from its cell body

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26
Q

bipolar

A
  • sensory neurons

- two processes extending from its cell body

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27
Q

interneurons

A
  • in spinal cord and brain

- neurons with short axons or no axon at all

28
Q

chemical neurotransmitters

A

amino acids, monamines, peptides

29
Q

functional classifications of neurotransmitters

A

inhibitory, excitatory, modulatory

30
Q

glia

A
  • 90 % of bain
  • latin for glue = support neurons
  • make myelin
  • regulate nutriens and waste for neurons
  • response to injury, scar formation
  • we now know that they are more than structural support
31
Q

Oligodendroglia (CNS)

A
  • myelinates many axons

- myelin attacked in MS

32
Q

Schwann cell (PNS)

A
  • only myelinates 1 axon

- myelin not vulnerable to MS

33
Q

astrocytes

A
  • star shaped
  • assist in the transfer of chemicals (nutrients, and waste products) from the nervous system to the blood (wrapped around blood vessels)
  • take up and release ions and neurotransmitters
34
Q

microglia

A
  • respond to injured cells and infectious agents
  • must be incredibly sensitive to protect precious neural tissue
  • secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines
35
Q

Einstein’s Brain

A
  • 1955 Thomas Harvey

- MC diamond= more glia in association cortex leads to higher IQ

36
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in electrical charge between inside and ourside of the cell

37
Q

At rest the cell is…….

A

POLARIZED

38
Q

Ions

A

positively and negatively charged particles

39
Q

K+ concentration

A

more concentrated inside of the cell (Na+/K+ pump)

40
Q

Na+ and Ca 2+` concentration

A

more concentrated on the outside of the cell

41
Q

selective permeability

A
  • no ionic type is distibuted evenly across the membrane

- differential permeability due to ion channels

42
Q

ration of K+ to Na+

A

40x

-at rest the cell membrane is 40 times more permeable to K+ than to Na+

43
Q

random motion

A
  • way that resting membrane potential is maintained

- motion down concentration gradient

44
Q

electrostatic pressure

A
  • way that resting membrane potential is maintained

- opposites attract and like repel

45
Q

presynaptic cells

A

release neurotransmitters which diffuse across the synapse and bind to postsynaptic receptors

  • depoloarize (-67mV) = EPSP
  • hyperpolarize (-72mV) = IPSP
46
Q

Postsynaptic Potentials

A
  • graded
  • rapid
  • decremental
47
Q

PSP integration

A
  • whether or not a neuron fires an action potential depends on the summation of EPSPs and IPSPs over 1000s of synapses (temporal and spatial summation)
  • PSP converging adjacent to the axon hillock must reach the threshold of excitation to fire (-65mV)
48
Q

Action Potential Properties

A
  • massive but momentary reversal of membrane potential
  • all or none
  • action potential only involves those ions right next to the membrane
  • resting potential rapidly reestablished by random movement
49
Q

absolute refrectory period

A
  • 1 to 2 ms after initiation of AP

- AP only travels in one direction

50
Q

relative refractory period

A
  • possible to fire again but you will need more stimulation

- rate of APs relative to intensity of stimulation

51
Q

Voltage Gated Channels

A

mediate changes in membrane permeability during the action potential

52
Q

Inactivating Voltage gated Na+ channel

A

type of voltage-gated ion channel that mediates changes in membrane permeability during the action potential

53
Q

Delayed (Rectifying) Voltage gated K+ channel

A

type of voltage-gated ion channel that mediates changes in membrane permeability during the action potential

54
Q

At rest…

A

ng-K+ channel = OPEN
vg-Na + channels = CLOSED
vg-K+ channels = CLOSED

55
Q

At rise….

A

ng-K+ channel = OPEN
vg-Na + channels = OPEN
vg-K+ channels = CLOSED

56
Q

At fall….

A

ng-K+ channel = OPEN
vg-Na + channels = INACTIVATED
vg-K+ channels = OPEN

57
Q

Action Potential Conduction

A

-propagation down the axon (orthodromic conduction as opposed to antidromic)

58
Q

saltatory conduction

A
  • occurs in myelinated axons
  • Na+ channels concentrated at nodes of ranvier
  • much faster than continuous conduction due to increased role of passive conduction down the axon and reduced leakage
59
Q

speed of AP depends on…

A
  • myelination

- size

60
Q

Action Potential pathway

A
  1. PSP elicted on soma and dendrites
  2. PSP conducted decrementally to axon
  3. if summated PSPs reach threshold of excitation = AP
  4. AP conducted down axon non-decrementally
  5. arrival of AP at terminal button = exocytosis of neurotransmitters
61
Q

peptides

A
  • large neurotransmitters
  • amino acid chains that are composed of 10 or fewer amino acids
  • short protein
  • released gradually in response to general increases in the level of Ca+ ions
62
Q

EPSPs (EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS)

A

POSTSYNAPTIC DEPOLARIZATIONS

63
Q

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)

A

post synaptic hyperpolarizations

-decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire

64
Q

temporal summation

A
  • postsynaptic potential produced in rapid succession at the same synapse
  • these sum to form a greater signal
65
Q

spatial summation

A
  • local EPSPs(or IPSPs) that are produced simultaneously on different parts of the receptive membrane sum
  • form a larger EPSP (or IPSP)

Psych 3 (13 decks)

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