Functional Neuroanatomy- (Lecture 2) Flashcards
1
Q
CNS
A
Central Nervous System
encased by bone, contains brain and spinal cord
2
Q
PNS
A
Peripheral Nervous System
isn’t encased by skull or spine, carries info to and from the CNS
3
Q
afferent nerves
A
travel INTO the CNS from the periphery
4
Q
efferent nerves
A
leave the CNS for the periphery (Exit)
5
Q
somatic nervous system
A
- contains sensory nerves (afferents) and motor nerves (efferents)
- voluntary nervous system
6
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
- regulates respiration, heart rate, digestion (all involuntary),
- contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (both efferent)
7
Q
similarities in sympathetic vs. parasympathetic
A
all are efferent, all contain second stage neurons
8
Q
sympathetic nervous system properties
A
thoracic and lumbar
- “fight or flight”
- second stage neurons are far from the target organ
9
Q
parasympathetic nervous system properties
A
cranial and sacral
- “rest and restore”
- second stage neurons are near the target organ
10
Q
cranial nerves
A
12 types
- part of PNS
- numbered in sequence from front of brain to back of the brain
- location of the nerves for senses well known
11
Q
spinal chord
A
- base of brain
- extension of the medulla, all the way down to the small of the back, stops before the vertebrae of the back end, then have nerve roots on the spinal cord
12
Q
spinal nerves
A
contain axons for sensory and motor
13
Q
dorsal spinal nerves
A
- sensory (input)
- sensory info from stimulus is sent to dorsal nerve then to dorsal horn which sends the info to the brain for processing
14
Q
ventral spinal nerves
A
motor (output)
-carry motor commands from the brain to the muscle
15
Q
protections for the brain (3)
A
- armor (skull and vertebrae)
- meninges
- CSF
16
Q
meninges
A
- contain dura mater
- arachnoid membrane
- sub-arachnoid space (cushion)
- pia mater
17
Q
CSF
A
cushion against trauma
18
Q
ventricular system
A
spinal fluid travels throughout the ventricular system to help wash out metabolic waste through the blood brain barrier
19
Q
dorsal ventricule axis
A
- top to bottom
20
Q
medial lateral axis
A
- in reference to midline, medial is near the midline (toward the spine), lateral is out or toward periphery
21
Q
anterior posterior axis
A
- anterior is in front
22
Q
3 coordinate system (planes):
A
- dorsal/ventral
- medial/lateral
- anterior/posterior
23
Q
3 types of planes for sectioning
A
- horizontal
- sagittal
- coronal
24
Q
horizontal plane
A
top of head to bottom of head
25
sagittal plane
down the center, both halves
26
coronal plane
front of head to back
27
development process of neural tube
ectoderm forms a plate, plate curves in and folds until it backs the neural tube neural canal forms, neural canal forms into neural tube with 3 interconnected swellings (ventricles) that develop into the 3 major sections of the brain
28
3 original parts of the brain
- forebrain
- midbrain
- hindbrain
29
forebrain -->
- telencephalon
| - diencephalon
30
midbrain -->
-mesencephalon
31
hindbrain -->
- metencephalon
| - mylencephalon
32
causal hindbrain
"oldest part"
- mylencephalon (medulla)
- control of central life processes, heart and respiratory system, breathing,
- damage to this part of the brain could result in death
33
rostral hindbrain
- metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
- sleep and arousal, control consciousness
- pons (pathway)
- cerebellum (motor coordination and balance)
34
midbrain
mesencephalon
- tectum (roof) helps guide orientations to sights and sounds,
- tegmentum basal ganglia and limbic system help initiation and control of movement
35
basal forebrain
- diencephalon
- contains thalamus (relay station) which contains synapses from many sensory input
- hypothalamus (base of brain) which controls autonomic (for Fs)
36
dorsal forebrain
telencephalon
contains limbic system involved in motivation, interconnected structures for learning, memory, and emotional senses (limbic cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies)
37
amygdala
emotional responses such as fear, aggression, stress
38
hippocampus
- memory consolidation
| - spatial/directional
39
fornix
hippocampus --> thalamus
40
basal ganglia
series of 4 things: (causae, putamen, globus pallidus),
| -commands --> motor actions, planned motor movements and motor control
41
cerebral cortex
- most expansive and most growing during development
| - it is a layer of tissue only a few mm wide that contains loves of protrusions and bumps
42
cerebral cortex function
important for higher level processes, thought, memory, attention, perceptual awareness, language, consciousness
43
grey matter
layers of cell bodies
44
white matter
axons of those cell bodies, cell axons that travel between brain structures (corpus callosum)
45
neo-cortex area
contains 6 layers of cells, each layer consists of a different cell type, some layers receive more information, some layers send more information
46
cortex organization
2 hemispheres, 4 lobes, 52 cortical areas
47
primary cortex area
1st part of cortex that receives info from the sensory stimuli
48
association areas
secondary areas that receive the info 2nd and organize sensory data to make it into a more meaningful signal
49
mammalian brain facts
size of brain is proportional to body size, cortical development varies dramatically between species, can be 2 square meters if spread flat
50
structural approaches to studying the brain
- histology
- computed tomography (CT or CAT)
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
51
functional approaches to studying the brain
- neuropsychology (disease, damage)
- electroencephalogram (EEG)
- position emission tomography (PET)
- functional MRI (fMRI)
- behavioral neuroscience (animal models),
52
histology
- direct manipulation and staining of tissue
- cellular and molecular analyses
- can only be down post-mortem
53
computed tomography (CT or CAT)
- series of X-ray images
- scan living brain
- low resolution
- radiation exposure is a downside
- obvious brain pathology can be seen
- not too specific
54
magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)
- measuring waves
- use electromagnetic fields to image atom (hydrogen density)
- scan living brain
- high resolution
- no radiation
- expensive
55
clinical neuropsychology
analyzes cognitive changes after brain damage, determines critical region
-downside: no control to brain damage, most rely on case studies, small sample size, hard to make a "control" so you don't know exactly what is damaged
56
EEG (electroencephalogram)
- measures electrical potentials from scalp
- activity in living brain, high temporal resolution, surface (cortical) tissue only
- correlate behavior/cognitive process and activity, only good for neo-cortex type studies
57
PET (positron emission tomography)
detect decay of injected radioactive substance (glucose)
- measure activity in living brain
- detect metabolic/chemical changes in living brain low resolution
- exposure to radioactive substance,
58
functional fMRI (fMRI)
- use electromagnetic fields to image blood flow (hemoglobin)
- detect metabolic needs of living brain
- indirect measure of activity
- high resolution
- very expensive
- correlation between activity and behavioral/cognitive processes
