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Psych 3 > Functional Neuroanatomy- (Lecture 2) > Flashcards

Functional Neuroanatomy- (Lecture 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

encased by bone, contains brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

isn’t encased by skull or spine, carries info to and from the CNS

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3
Q

afferent nerves

A

travel INTO the CNS from the periphery

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4
Q

efferent nerves

A

leave the CNS for the periphery (Exit)

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5
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • contains sensory nerves (afferents) and motor nerves (efferents)
  • voluntary nervous system
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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • regulates respiration, heart rate, digestion (all involuntary),
  • contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (both efferent)
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7
Q

similarities in sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A

all are efferent, all contain second stage neurons

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8
Q

sympathetic nervous system properties

A

thoracic and lumbar

  • “fight or flight”
  • second stage neurons are far from the target organ
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9
Q

parasympathetic nervous system properties

A

cranial and sacral

  • “rest and restore”
  • second stage neurons are near the target organ
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10
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 types

  • part of PNS
  • numbered in sequence from front of brain to back of the brain
  • location of the nerves for senses well known
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11
Q

spinal chord

A
  • base of brain
  • extension of the medulla, all the way down to the small of the back, stops before the vertebrae of the back end, then have nerve roots on the spinal cord
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12
Q

spinal nerves

A

contain axons for sensory and motor

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13
Q

dorsal spinal nerves

A
  • sensory (input)
  • sensory info from stimulus is sent to dorsal nerve then to dorsal horn which sends the info to the brain for processing
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14
Q

ventral spinal nerves

A

motor (output)

-carry motor commands from the brain to the muscle

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15
Q

protections for the brain (3)

A
  • armor (skull and vertebrae)
  • meninges
  • CSF
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16
Q

meninges

A
  • contain dura mater
  • arachnoid membrane
  • sub-arachnoid space (cushion)
  • pia mater
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17
Q

CSF

A

cushion against trauma

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18
Q

ventricular system

A

spinal fluid travels throughout the ventricular system to help wash out metabolic waste through the blood brain barrier

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19
Q

dorsal ventricule axis

A
  • top to bottom
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20
Q

medial lateral axis

A
  • in reference to midline, medial is near the midline (toward the spine), lateral is out or toward periphery
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21
Q

anterior posterior axis

A
  • anterior is in front
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22
Q

3 coordinate system (planes):

A
  • dorsal/ventral
  • medial/lateral
  • anterior/posterior
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23
Q

3 types of planes for sectioning

A
  • horizontal
  • sagittal
  • coronal
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24
Q

horizontal plane

A

top of head to bottom of head

25
Q

sagittal plane

A

down the center, both halves

26
Q

coronal plane

A

front of head to back

27
Q

development process of neural tube

A

ectoderm forms a plate, plate curves in and folds until it backs the neural tube neural canal forms, neural canal forms into neural tube with 3 interconnected swellings (ventricles) that develop into the 3 major sections of the brain

28
Q

3 original parts of the brain

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
29
Q

forebrain –>

A
  • telencephalon

- diencephalon

30
Q

midbrain –>

A

-mesencephalon

31
Q

hindbrain –>

A
  • metencephalon

- mylencephalon

32
Q

causal hindbrain

A

“oldest part”

  • mylencephalon (medulla)
  • control of central life processes, heart and respiratory system, breathing,
  • damage to this part of the brain could result in death
33
Q

rostral hindbrain

A
  • metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
  • sleep and arousal, control consciousness
  • pons (pathway)
  • cerebellum (motor coordination and balance)
34
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon

  • tectum (roof) helps guide orientations to sights and sounds,
  • tegmentum basal ganglia and limbic system help initiation and control of movement
35
Q

basal forebrain

A
  • diencephalon
  • contains thalamus (relay station) which contains synapses from many sensory input
  • hypothalamus (base of brain) which controls autonomic (for Fs)
36
Q

dorsal forebrain

A

telencephalon
contains limbic system involved in motivation, interconnected structures for learning, memory, and emotional senses (limbic cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies)

37
Q

amygdala

A

emotional responses such as fear, aggression, stress

38
Q

hippocampus

A
  • memory consolidation

- spatial/directional

39
Q

fornix

A

hippocampus –> thalamus

40
Q

basal ganglia

A

series of 4 things: (causae, putamen, globus pallidus),

-commands –> motor actions, planned motor movements and motor control

41
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • most expansive and most growing during development

- it is a layer of tissue only a few mm wide that contains loves of protrusions and bumps

42
Q

cerebral cortex function

A

important for higher level processes, thought, memory, attention, perceptual awareness, language, consciousness

43
Q

grey matter

A

layers of cell bodies

44
Q

white matter

A

axons of those cell bodies, cell axons that travel between brain structures (corpus callosum)

45
Q

neo-cortex area

A

contains 6 layers of cells, each layer consists of a different cell type, some layers receive more information, some layers send more information

46
Q

cortex organization

A

2 hemispheres, 4 lobes, 52 cortical areas

47
Q

primary cortex area

A

1st part of cortex that receives info from the sensory stimuli

48
Q

association areas

A

secondary areas that receive the info 2nd and organize sensory data to make it into a more meaningful signal

49
Q

mammalian brain facts

A

size of brain is proportional to body size, cortical development varies dramatically between species, can be 2 square meters if spread flat

50
Q

structural approaches to studying the brain

A
  • histology
  • computed tomography (CT or CAT)
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
51
Q

functional approaches to studying the brain

A
  • neuropsychology (disease, damage)
  • electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • position emission tomography (PET)
  • functional MRI (fMRI)
  • behavioral neuroscience (animal models),
52
Q

histology

A
  • direct manipulation and staining of tissue
  • cellular and molecular analyses
  • can only be down post-mortem
53
Q

computed tomography (CT or CAT)

A
  • series of X-ray images
  • scan living brain
  • low resolution
  • radiation exposure is a downside
  • obvious brain pathology can be seen
  • not too specific
54
Q

magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)

A
  • measuring waves
  • use electromagnetic fields to image atom (hydrogen density)
  • scan living brain
  • high resolution
  • no radiation
  • expensive
55
Q

clinical neuropsychology

A

analyzes cognitive changes after brain damage, determines critical region
-downside: no control to brain damage, most rely on case studies, small sample size, hard to make a “control” so you don’t know exactly what is damaged

56
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A
  • measures electrical potentials from scalp
  • activity in living brain, high temporal resolution, surface (cortical) tissue only
  • correlate behavior/cognitive process and activity, only good for neo-cortex type studies
57
Q

PET (positron emission tomography)

A

detect decay of injected radioactive substance (glucose)

  • measure activity in living brain
  • detect metabolic/chemical changes in living brain low resolution
  • exposure to radioactive substance,
58
Q

functional fMRI (fMRI)

A
  • use electromagnetic fields to image blood flow (hemoglobin)
  • detect metabolic needs of living brain
  • indirect measure of activity
  • high resolution
  • very expensive
  • correlation between activity and behavioral/cognitive processes

Psych 3 (13 decks)

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