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Psych 3 > Chemical Basis of Behavior (Lecture 4) > Flashcards

Chemical Basis of Behavior (Lecture 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

synaptic transition

A

the flow of information between neurons through a synapse

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2
Q

synapse

A

fluid-filled gap between terminal button of one neuron and receptive area of another neuron

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3
Q

the most common synapse is:

A

chemical synapse

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4
Q

gap junction

A

when adjacent cells have an interconnected channel that allows for the transfer of ionic currents, it is very fast and has bidirectional communication

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5
Q

directed synapses

A

site of release is near the site of receptive

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6
Q

3 types of directed synapses

A

axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic

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7
Q

axodendritic synapses

A

contribute most to A.P., high proportion of voltage gated channels in this membrane

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8
Q

axoaxonic synapses

A

presynaptic facilitation and good for inhibiting axon potentials at the axon

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9
Q

non-directed synapses

A

site of release is distant from the site of reception

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10
Q

2 types of non-directed synapses

A

varicosities and diffuse modulatory systems

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11
Q

varicosities

A

full of neurotransmitters that diffuse over a wide range of area and bind to far away receptor sites

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12
Q

diffuse modulatory systems

A

serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine are most common for this

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13
Q

4 main categories of neurotransmitters

A

amino acids, amines, acetylcholine, peptides

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14
Q

amino acids

A

small, GABA, glutamate

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15
Q

amines

A

small, DA, NE, 5-HT

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16
Q

acetylcholine

A

its own category because of the way it is synthesized

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17
Q

peptides

A

large, dynorphin, enkephalin

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18
Q

large peptide neurotransmitter synthesis

A

made in the soma, packaged into vesicles in the Golgi, and travel down the axon microtubules to reach the terminal button

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19
Q

small neurotransmitter synthesis

A

made in the terminal button of the cell, from precursor enzymes and packaged into vesicles at the terminal

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20
Q

activation of receptors

A

neurotransmitter is released into the synapse and may bind to postsynaptic receptors

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21
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to another

22
Q

2 main receptor types:

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

23
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

when NT binds to receptor site on the ion channel, the channel opens or closes, altering the flow of ions in or out of the cell, direct and fast

24
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

when NT binds to receptor it signals a membrane signal protein that is linked to a G protein, and the G proteins can either directly open ion channels or activate secondary messengers, indirect and slow

25
Q

secondary messengers

A

can open/close ion channels or activate enzymes that modulate ion pumps, ion channels, receptors, or gene transcription

26
Q

pre-synaptc receptors

A

autoreceptors that are located on cell membrane

27
Q

autoreceptors

A

located on cell membrane (terminal button), regulates internal processes (the synthesis and release of neurotransmitter, does not change membrane potential

28
Q

post-synaptic potentials

A

can either be depolarizing (EPSP) or hyperpolarizing (IPSP), determined by the receptor that is stimulated, not the NT itself

29
Q

2 possibilities for the termination of PSPs

A

re-uptake and enzymatic degradation

30
Q

termination of PSPs via re-uptake

A

NT is returned to terminal button through transporters in the presynaptic membrane

31
Q

termination of PSPs via enzymatic degradation

A

acetylcholine + acetylcholinesterase= choline and acetate

32
Q

glutamate

A

glutamic acid, major excitatory NT in brain, 3 ionotropic (EPSPs), 8 metabotropic

33
Q

GABA

A

(gama-amino butyric acid), synthesized from glutamate, major inhibitory NT in brain (1 ionotropic, 2 G-protein coupled receptors)

34
Q

agonist neurotransmitter

A

chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell

35
Q

antagonist neurotransmitter

A

ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but clocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses

36
Q

dopamine (DA)

A

2 diffuse modulatory systems (nigrostriatal regulate motor and mesocorticolimbic regulate motivation), all receptors are metabotropic

37
Q

norepinephrine (NE)

A

diffuse modulatory system (locus coeruleus regulates attention, learning, sleep/wake, arousal, anxiety), all receptors are metabotropic

38
Q

serotonin (5-HT)

A

diffuse modulatory system (raphe nuclei regulate arousal, mood, sleep/wake), some receptors are ionotropic, most are metabotropic

39
Q

acetylcholine (Ach)

A

diffuse modulatory system (basal forebrain regulate learning, memory, regulation of sensory system), 2 receptors: nicotinic ionotropic and muscarinic metabotropic

40
Q

nicotinic ionotropic receptors in Ach

A

permeable to potassium, calcium, and sodium, non-specific, 1 subtype, generally excitatory, curare

41
Q

muscarinic metabotropic

A

all bound to G-proteins, lead to a wide range of effects, 5 subtypes, atropine

42
Q

peptide neurotransmitters

A

made as polypeptides, synthesized on the rER, packaged by Golgi apparatus, transported on microtubules, all receptors are G-protein coupled

43
Q

endorphins

A

released during exercise, excitement, pain, consumption of spicy food, orgasm, bind with u-opioid receptor, analgesia, euphoria

44
Q

dynorphins

A

modulate pain, homeostasis, and response to stress, bind to k-opioid receptor, dysphoria

45
Q

soluble gas

A

nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), can be synthesized in cell body or axon terminal, diffusible, can pass through lipid membrane into extracellular space, activates 2nd messenger

46
Q

endocannabinoids

A

“post” to “pre” synaptic neurons, enzymes synthesize endocannabinoid, release is automatic, membrane permeable, not stored in vesicles, they bind to CB1 receptors

47
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential, temporary depolarization caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell

48
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential, either by the flow of negatively charged ions into the cell or positively charged ions out of the cell

49
Q

a postsynaptic potential is defined as excitatory when:

A

it makes the neuron more likely to fire an action potential

50
Q

larger EPSPs result in:

A

greater membrane depolarization, increasing the likelihood the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an action potential

Psych 3 (13 decks)

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