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Psych 3 > Lecture 13 new (Pharmacology of Drugs and Abuse) > Flashcards

Lecture 13 new (Pharmacology of Drugs and Abuse) Flashcards

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1
Q

drug abuse (substance abuse)

A

-maladaptive pattern of use of a substance

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2
Q

drug addiction (dependence)

A
  • when an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance
  • tolerance may develop to drug
  • withdrawl symptoms when use is reduced or stopped
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3
Q

Percent of persons 12 years of age and over with any illicit drug use in the past month

A

8%

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4
Q

Percent of high school seniors that reported nonmedical use of vicodin

A

1 in 10

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5
Q

Percent of high school seniors who have abused oxycontin in the past year

A

1 in 20

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6
Q

percent of people aged 12 or older who reported driving under the influence of alcohol at least once in the past year

A

-12.4%

about 31 million people

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7
Q

positive reinforcement

A
  • anything that increases the probability of a behavior occuring again
  • food, drugs of abuse, physical violence
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8
Q

reward

A
  • positive stimuli which causes feeling of euphoria

- ex: food, drugs of abuse

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9
Q

Mesolimbic dopamine system

A
  • activated by food, water, sex, drugs of abuse

- releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc)

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10
Q

Dopamine cell bodies

A
  • located in ventral tegmental area (VTA)

- project to the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and limbic areas

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11
Q

How does the administration of an abused drug change the strength of excitatory synapses on DA neurons in VTA

A

-increases their strength

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12
Q

increase in DA release at mesolimbic terminals like the NAcc (ventral striatum) results in:

A

-reinforcement of drug taking behavior

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13
Q

negative reinforcement

A
  • removal of an aversive stimulus that increases probability of behavior occurring again
    ex: if someone has a headache they take a ibuprofen. the headache is gone so negative reinforcement has occurred
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14
Q

physical dependence

A
  • long-term use of drugs

- can produce tolerance and withdrawl

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15
Q

tolerance

A
  • decreased sensitivity to a drug following repeated use

- ex: how many drinks to behavioral intoxication?

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16
Q

withdrawl

A
  • opposite physiological effects as drug administration present during absence of use
  • symptoms of withdrawal are brought to you by the body’s attempts to maintain homeostasis
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17
Q

heroin

A
  • euphoria
  • constipation
  • relaxation
  • hyperthermia
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18
Q

heroin withdrawal

A
  • dysphoria
  • diarrhea
  • agitation
  • cold-flashes (goosebumps)
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19
Q

negative reinforcement role in drug taking behavior

A
  • removal of withdrawal symptoms reinforces drug use

- removal of unpleasant feelings not associated with the drug

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20
Q

alcohol’s reduction of social anxiety

A

-alcohol may be taken in advance when individual anticipates anxiogenic situations

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21
Q

craving

A

-urge to self-administer the drug even after a period of abstinence

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22
Q

relapse

A

-return to drug use after a period of drug abstinence

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23
Q

feelings of getting high can become associated to….

A
  • stimuli present at the time
  • stimuli associated with drug taking thus become exciting and motivated on their own and may induce drug craving
    (ex: paraphernalia, location)
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24
Q

alcoholics in experiment with sight and sip of alcohol using an fMRI

A
  • sip of alcohol AND sight of alcohol related images (cues) increased craving in alcoholics but not controls
  • this also showed increase activation in mesolimbic dopamine system
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25
Q

prefrontal cortex in drug addiction

A
  • plays an important role in executive functions
  • planning
  • evaluation of consequences of actions
  • inhibition of inappropriate action
  • prefrontal lesions cause IMPULSIVITY
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26
Q

Volkow (1992)

A
  • activity of PFC of cocaine abusers during abstinence much less than normal subjects
  • when performing tasks that require PFC drug addicts perform poorly compared to controls and show less PFC activation
  • amount of PFC activation and weekly amound of cocaine ingestion inversely related!
27
Q

maturation of PFC

A
  • occurs around age 20

- very few addiction cases occur after the age of 20

28
Q

Opiates

A
  • derivative of morphine
  • the active ingredient of juice from the opium poppy
  • ingestion produceds analgesia, euphoria, relaxation
    (ex: morphine, heroin, Vicodin, Oxycontin, Codeine)
29
Q

Egyptians use of opiates

A
  • medicinal value

- 1500 BCE

30
Q

1914 Harrison Act

A

-prohibited recreational use of opiates

31
Q

three major opiod receptor types

A
  • m-opioid (MOR) receptors (analgesic and euphoric effects caused by activation)
  • d opioid receptors
  • k-opioid receptors
32
Q

Animals lacking MOR—> what reaction of reinforcing or analgesic effects of morphine?

A

INSENSITIVE

33
Q

MOR high in regions of brain that deal with…?

A

-positive reinforcement (nucleus accumbens)-analgesia (PAG, spinal cord)

34
Q

Opioid Receptors

A
  • G protein coupled

- activation leads to neuronal inhibition

35
Q

cause of disinhibition by use of opiates

A
  • inhibition of inhibitory (GABA) neurons

- this increases DA release in mesolimbic targets (gx: Nacc)

36
Q

Lesion of mesolimbic dopamine system

A
  • only decrease (not completely blocked) opiate reinforcement
  • there may be other reinforcing mechanisms at work
37
Q

treatment for opiate use

A

-methadone maintenance

38
Q

methadone

A
  • potent opiate administered orally
  • low steady long lasting levels of MOR agonism in brain
  • does not produce addictive high like heroin because oral administration = slow absorption
  • already agonist at MOR, heroin injection is of little euphoric consequence
  • most likely a life-long maintenance solution
39
Q

cocain

A
  • alkaloid dound in the leaves of the coca plant native to South America
  • from 1850-1880 cocaine was a popular cure-all
  • regulated by harrison narcotic act of 1914
  • begining in 1970s wave of increasing cocaine use in US (IV, snorting, crack)
  • 15% users—-> addicts
40
Q

Freud believed which drug to treat alcoholism, depression, morphine addiction, digestive disorders, pain

A

COCAINE

41
Q

Cocaine effects

A
  • blocks monoamine transporters
  • —> blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
  • it increases DA concentration in NAcc
42
Q

Cocaine treatment

A
  • no treatment to antagonize DA (dysphoria/ataxia)

- no FDA approved medications for cocaine addiction

43
Q

cocaine treatment

A
  • cocaine vaccine contains antibodies that bind to cocaine molesules and inhibit drug from crossing BB barrier
  • does not stop craving
  • some addicts will risk an OD by trying to take more cocaine until vaccine is saturated
  • at this point the addict will die from the other effects of the drug (taking too much)
44
Q

Nicotine

A
  • active ingredient in cigarettes/chewing tabacco
  • alkaloid found in the leaves of the tobacco plant native to South America
  • 1500 popular in durope in pipes, cigars, chew
  • mid-1800s new advances in curing tobacco leaves/ cigarette machine popularized smoking
45
Q

Leading cause of preventable death in developed countries

A

-tobacco use

46
Q

Nicotine effects

A
  • binds to nicotinic ACh receptors (activates them_
    - DA projection neurons excited/DA release increased in NAcc
  • ion channels open allowing Ca++ influx
47
Q

6-OHDA lesions of dopaminergic pthway from VTA to NAcc

A

-significantly attenuate nicotine self administration

CLARIFY!!!!

48
Q

Nicotine treatment

A
  • replacement therapy with gum or transdermal patch is more effective than placebo (most successful with counseling program)
  • once smoking subsided, nicotine dose can be gradually decreased
49
Q

Non-nicotine component of smoking also addictive

A
  • smokers rate the euphoria or regular or non-nicotine cigarettes in 7 seconds (less time than it takes nicotine to get to the brain)
  • there may be rewarding component transferred to act of smoking after continued use
50
Q

Ethanol

A

-most commonly used psychoactive drug in the US/most drug abused (after caffeine)

51
Q

who/when was the first beer brewed?

A
  • by the Egyptians in 3700 BCE

- 8000 BCE mead was brewed from fermented honey

52
Q

American tavern

A

-focal point in each town for conducting business, local politics, and mail delivery

53
Q

18th ammendment

A
  • 1920

- amendment probhibiting sale, manufacture, importation, and transport of liquior

54
Q

appeal of the 18th ammendment

A
  • 1933

- repealed by congress under FDR

55
Q

Regulation of alcohol today

A

-regulated by age, circumstance (operating a vehicle), and taxation

56
Q

Effects of Ethanol

A
  • agonist at GABAa receptors
  • low doses—-> euphoria (anxiolytic
  • high does—> loss of coordination, sedation
57
Q

GABA agonism

A
  • how ethanol produces sedation

- GABA A antagonists block ethanol binding site on GABA receptor preventing GABA induced sedation

58
Q

Ethanol is an antagonist at….

A
  • NMDA glutamate receptors

- non-copetitive channel blacker of the NMDA receptor (reduced Ca++ and NA+ influx)

59
Q

Reduced glutamate in hippocampus leads to…

A

-reduced LTP and decrease declarative memory formation

60
Q

NMDA receptor acitvation does what to DA neurons in VTA?

A
  • inhibits DA neurons
  • alcohol disinhibits VTA DA neurons
  • leads to an overall increased DA in NAcc
61
Q

ethanol treatment

A

-opiate antagonists reduce the rienforcing value of alcohol

62
Q

naltrexone

A

-opiate receptor antagonist used to treat alcoholics

63
Q

naltrexone symptoms in alcohol users

A

-increased latency to first sip
-reduced rewarding value of drinks
-reduced amount consumed
therapy—> higher success

Psych 3 (13 decks)

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