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Psych 3 > Anxiety and Stress Disorders (Lecture 11) > Flashcards

Anxiety and Stress Disorders (Lecture 11) Flashcards

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1
Q

stressor

A
  • anything that disrupts physiological balance

- psychological or physical

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2
Q

stress response

A

-body’s adaptations designed to reestablish balance in homeostasis

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3
Q

stress

A

-general state of stressors that provoke a stress response

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4
Q

What triggers the stress response?

A

-perception of a stressor

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5
Q

Stress response

A
  • sympathetic nervous system response
  • hypothalamic pituitary adrena (HPA) axis
  • both systems send messages to the adrenal glands which release stress horomones into the bloodstream
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6
Q

stress horomones (2)

A
  • glucocoricoids

- epinephrine

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7
Q

adrenal glands

A

-release stress hormones (glucocorticoids(cortisol)) and epinephrine (adrenaline)

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8
Q

two physiological responses to stressors

A
  1. sympatheitc nervous system (ANS)

2. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

-epinephrine (adrenaline) from adrenal medulla

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10
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis

A
  • HPA
  • on in minutes (more delayed release of hormones than ANS)
  • releases glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
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11
Q

Stress Response 2 components

A
  • autonomic nervous system (works in seconds) via hormones in bloodstream
  • hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) (works in minutes) via neurotransmitters in synaptic gap
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12
Q

ANS pathway

A
  • body realizes it is in fight or slight
  • stimulates epinephrine release from adrenal medulla (immediate but not long lasting energy used)
  • parasympathetic activated in order to relax(this system stores energy)
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13
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

releases epinephrine into circulation (activated sychronously with rest of synpathetic ANS
-epinephrine can not pass throught blood brain barrier

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14
Q

No parasympathetic innervation in…….

A

adrenals

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15
Q

Effects of epinephrine

A
  • increase in O2 via increase in heart rate, respiration, etc
  • increase in glucose in blood via breakdown of glycogen in liver
  • does not cross blood brain barrier
  • more energy for muscle contraction
  • frees up long term stored energy into usable show term energy
  • blood does not travel to irrelevant areas such as sexual organs or digestive tract
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16
Q

No matter what the stressor

A

-the response is the same

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17
Q

Hypothalamus Pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

A
  • slower onset of effects (minutes)

- leads to the 4 F’s (feeding fighting fleeing fornicating)

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18
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • makes up less than 1% of brain
  • gets responses from mucles and intergrates them
  • mediated feeding, flight or fight, sex
  • first step in command system that deals with an imbalance in homeostasis
  • direct connection to the pituitary via a blood portal system (to anterior pituitary) or neurons (posterior pituitary)
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19
Q

What regulates many peripheral glands of the endocrine system? (not just the adrenals)

A
  1. hypothalamus

2. pituitary

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20
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

-cell bodies in PVN of the hypothalamus send axons to hypothalamo-pituitary portal system

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21
Q

posterior Pituitary

A
  • activated directly
  • releases oxytocin and vapopressin
  • cell bodies in paraventicular nucleur (PVN of the hypothalamus send axons to the posterior pituitary
  • axon terminals release hormones into blood vessels
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22
Q

oxytocin

A

(released by posterior pituitary)

  • labor
  • lactation
  • pair bonding
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23
Q

vasopressin

A

(released by posterior pituitary)

  • antidiuretic
  • blood pressure
24
Q

portal system

A

veins that carry hormones to anterior pituitary

25
Q

anterior pituitary cells

A
  • respond to hormones and release other hormones in general circulation
  • axons only go to top of portal system
  • hormones take message from there
  • tropic hormones
26
Q

Normal Stress response (HPA axis)

A

-brain relizes stressor
-hypolalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone
-goes into blood portal system to anterior pituitary
Adrenocoticotropic hormones does to adrenal cortex
-adrenal cortex releases cortisol which gives negative feedback

27
Q

Epinephrine

A

works to provide short term energy resouces (glucose)

-in the liver = breakdown of glycogen to glucose

28
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  • work to provide prolonged energy resources (glucose) from long term energy store to provide sustainable energy to prolonged stressors
  • in liver = breakdown of protein and fatty acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  • in muscles = prtein breakdown into glucose (proteolysis)
  • in adipose tissue (fat) = breakdown of fatty acids into glucose
29
Q

glucocorticoids - cortisol

A
  • baseline cortisol release has a circadian rhythn that peaks at waking
  • cortisol is also relased during copulation, excursive, drug use
  • glucorticoids are released when your metabolism needs a boost
30
Q

brain regulation of sress response

A
  • corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons of the PVN regulated by:
  • the amygdala
  • the hippocampus
31
Q

regualtions of sress response in the amygdala

A
  • basal lateral nuclei is the most important
  • sensory information enters basolateral amygdala (BLA)
  • BLA–> central mucleus of the amygdala (CeA)
  • CeA—> hypothalamus —> stress response
32
Q

stimulation of amygdala in humans

A
  • stress and fear

- increase CRH release

33
Q

regulation of stress response (hippocampus)

A
  • hippocampus contain glucocorticoid receptors
  • detects circulating cortisol and sends negative feedback to hypothalamus
  • activation leas to decrease CRH release
34
Q

hippocampus and chronic stress

A

-due to extended exposure to cortisol
-reduces dendritic arbors of hippocampul neurons
-chronic stress also reduces hippocampal cell numbers
-cell death
-reduced birth of new neurons (neurogenesis)
= reduced overall hippocampus size- degeneration starts a vicious sycle in which the stress response is less regulated which results in more corisol release and more hippocampal damage

35
Q

hippocampus integral

A
  • in learning ad memory

- vietnam combat vetrans and civtims of child abuse = reduced hippocampal volume and short-term deficits

36
Q

rats placed in present of cat for 75 minutes —->

A
  • infered animals ability to learn spatial task
  • molecular mechanisms of learning impaired in hippocampus
  • acute stress also impairs long term survival of NEW hippocampal neurons
37
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

study of the interactioins between the immune system and behavior (e.g. the stress response)
–immune system weakened/would heal slower in those who have chronic stress

38
Q

cell mediated immunity

A
  • antigen engulfed by macrophace
  • t cell recognizes activated macrophage
  • bound t cells proliferate and develop into a form that kills body cells that have been infected by the micoorganism
39
Q

antibody mediated immunity

A

-foreign antigen are bound by B cells with appopriate receptor

40
Q

Chonic stress diminishes immune response

A
  • stops the maturation of lymphocytes (t cells and B cells)

- destruction of lymphocytes

41
Q

Reasoning for chronis stress diminishing immune response

A
  • originally believed to conserve energy for the fight or flisht response
  • in reality
42
Q

acute stress (5-100 minutes)

A

-actually enhances many elements of the immune response
-increase in number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood
increase in amount of antibodies in saliva

43
Q

glucocoticoids depress immune response by….

A

-released during prolonged stress are imunnosupressive to regulate

44
Q

chronic stress

A

-maintenance of high glucocorticoid levels during chronic stress prolongs suppression of immune system and results in below baseline immunity

45
Q

acute v chronic stress

A
  • acute stress improves performance

- persisting stress can make us more susceptible to things because it weakens the immune system

46
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

-characterized by inappropriate (pathological) expression of fear
-15 percent of american will suffer from one this year
-most connon of psychiatric disorders
-GAD, SAD
-OCS
PTSD

47
Q

Panic disorder

A
  • episodic attacks of acute anxiety causing unremitting terror (panic attacks)
  • 2% of population
  • 2x more women
48
Q

Generalized Anxiety order (GAD)

A
  • excessive worry and anxiety for at least 6 months that prevents living “full” life
  • 3% of population
  • 2x more women
49
Q

social anxiety order (SAD)

A
  • excessive fear of being exposed to the scrutiny of others
  • leads to pathological avoidance
  • 5% of population
  • equal in women and men
50
Q

Panic DIsorder, GAD, SAD trends

A
  • some heredity aspect (most likely to have one if parent has it)
  • temporal lobe abnormalities in 40% patients with panic disorder
  • over activation of amygdala—-> releases excessive amount of cortisol
51
Q

Panic DIsorder, GAD, SAD treatment

A
  • Benzodiazpines

- SSRIs

52
Q

Benzodiazpines

A
  • bind to GABAa receptor, opening Cl- channel, causing neuronal inhibition
  • high density of GABAa receptors in amygdala
  • downside: highly addictive, can lead to symptoms that you were originally trying to treat
  • withdrawal = increased anxiety
53
Q

SSRIs

A
  • anxiolytic effects NOT immediate-it takes weeks

- SSRIs do increase glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampus –> enhanced negative feedback from cortisol

54
Q

OCD characteristics

A
  • characterized by uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions) and/or the need to perform specific acts repeatedly (compulsions)
  • 1-2% of population
  • slightly more prevalent in females
55
Q

OCD circuit in brain

A

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) –> basal ganglia –> thalamus –> back to OFC

56
Q

OFC=

A
  • orbitofrontal cortex

- recognizes situations that have personal significance and sends “worry” message to thalamus to regulate behavior

57
Q

basal ganglia role in OCD circuit

A
  • basal ganglia works as a “brake” suppressing original “worry” signal sent by OFC
  • damage to basal ganglia may impair its ability to stop the OFC from sending continual messages= obsessions which then commend the thalamus to initiate actions= compulsions

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