Neurophysiology

Question 1

Action potential

Answer 1

the release of a neurotransmitter

Question 2

membrane moves ions via?

Answer 2

passive transport when moving into the cell

Question 3

active transport at rest

Answer 3

sodium potassium pump
3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

Question 3

electrical gradient

Answer 3

attraction of opposite charges

Question 4

chemical gradient

Answer 4

flow of ions down concentration

Question 5

excitatory post synaptic potential

Answer 5

brings us closer to threshold by bringing in NA+

Question 6

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

Answer 6

brings us away from threshold by letting in CL ions

Question 7

graded potentials

Answer 7

can depolarize or hyperpolarize cell,

Question 8

effects of axon diameter

Answer 8

larger diameter, faster impulse

Question 9

effects of myelination

Answer 9

makes everything faster

Question 10

Group A fibers

Answer 10

somatic sensory and somatic motor
large diameter, heavily myelinated
fasts, 300mph

Question 11

Group B fibers

Answer 11

Autonomic
medium diameter, nonmyelinated
30mph

Question 12

Group C fibers

Answer 12

Autonomic NS
small diameter, nonmyelinated
slow, 2mph

Question 13

Absolute refractory period

Answer 13

no stimulus can activate another potential

Question 14

Relative refractory period

Answer 14

another action potential is possible but must overcome hyperpolarization

Question 15

Synaptic transmission

Answer 15

Transmission across the synaptic cleft is a chemical event that involves release, diffusion, and binding of neurotransmitters. The action potential of +30 mV arrives at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. Opens voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium binds to Synaptotagmin protein and fuses synaptic vesicle with axon membrane. Neurotransmitters diffuse and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The ion channels open causing that second neuron to either inhibit or have an action potential. Within a few milliseconds the neurotransmitter is terminated either by breaking it down, reuptake by putting it back where it came from, or diffusing it away from the synaptic cleft.

Question 16

Dopomine

Answer 16

neurotransmitter found in CNS
can plead to addiction
parkinsons disease

Question 16

synaptotagmin

Answer 16

protein that binds with Ca++ and promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles with axon membrane

Question 16

Serotonin

Answer 16

associated with mental and emotional disorders
etc. depression, OCD, bipolar, anxiety, migraines

Question 17

Exteroceptors

Answer 17

stimuli outside the body

Question 18

Interoceptors

Answer 18

stimuli in internal organs

Question 19

Proprioceptors

Answer 19

stretch in joint tissue

Question 20

Thermoreceptors

Answer 20

changes in temperature

Question 20

mechanoreceptors

Answer 20

respond to touch, pressure,vibration

Question 21

photorecepters

Answer 21

light energy

Question 22

chemoreceptors

Answer 22

chemical changes in blood

Question 23

Nocireceptors

Answer 23

extreme stimuli like getting burned

Question 24

sensation awareness

Answer 24

awareness of changes in the internal and external environment

Question 25

perception

Answer 25

conscious interpretation of stimuli

Question 26

Cognition

Answer 26

mental process of awareness, knowledge, memory, perception and thinking

Question 27

Serial processing

Answer 27

perceive inputs one at a time

Question 28

Parallel processing

Answer 28

perceiving inputs simultaneously etc.. noting the color, direction and speed of a ball being thrown at you

Question 29

sensory memory

Answer 29

association based on sensory input

Question 30

short-term memory

Answer 30

limited and brief, seconds to hours

Question 31

long-term memory

Answer 31

can be from short-term memory if information is repeated, may exist for a long time

Question 32

Dorsal horns

Answer 32

receive somatic and visceral sensory input

Question 33

ventral horns

Answer 33

somatic motor neurons

Question 34

lateral horns

Answer 34

sympathetic neurons

Question 35

Dorsal root

Answer 35

contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 36

neuron pathways

Answer 36

first order= impulses from sensory to receptors (spinal cord) second-order= axon extending to thalamus or cerebellum third-order= extending to somatosensory (thalamus)

Question 37

medial lemniscal tract

Answer 37

mediate fine touch

Question 38

spinothalamic tract

Answer 38

pain and crude touch

Question 39

spinocerebellar tract

Answer 39

input for balance

Question 40

upper motor neurons

Answer 40

primary motor cortex

Question 41

lower motor neurons

Answer 41

innervate skeletal muscle

Question 42

Pyramidial (corticospinal) Tract

Answer 42

fast and fine skilled movements

Question 43

indirect (extrapyramidal) system

Answer 43

balance and posture, head, neck, and eye movements

Question 44

functional loss in anesthesia

Answer 44

sensory loss

Question 45

Paralysis

Answer 45

loss of motor function

Question 46

flaccid paralyis

Answer 46

damage to ventral root/horn no voluntary or involuntary control of muscle

Question 47

spastic paralysis

Answer 47

damage to upper motor neurons of primary cortex no voluntary control of muscle stimulated by reflux activity

Question 48

autonomic nervous system

Answer 48

controls smooth muscles, cardiac, and glands

Question 49

preganglionic nerve

Answer 49

nerve bringing signal into ganglion

Question 50

postganglionic nerve

Answer 50

nerve carrying signal away from ganglion

Question 51

beta receptors

Answer 51

lowers BP