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aap > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Action potential

A

the release of a neurotransmitter

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2
Q

membrane moves ions via?

A

passive transport when moving into the cell

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3
Q

active transport at rest

A

sodium potassium pump
3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

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3
Q

electrical gradient

A

attraction of opposite charges

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4
Q

chemical gradient

A

flow of ions down concentration

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5
Q

excitatory post synaptic potential

A

brings us closer to threshold by bringing in NA+

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6
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

A

brings us away from threshold by letting in CL ions

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7
Q

graded potentials

A

can depolarize or hyperpolarize cell,

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8
Q

effects of axon diameter

A

larger diameter, faster impulse

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9
Q

effects of myelination

A

makes everything faster

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10
Q

Group A fibers

A

somatic sensory and somatic motor
large diameter, heavily myelinated
fasts, 300mph

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11
Q

Group B fibers

A

Autonomic
medium diameter, nonmyelinated
30mph

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12
Q

Group C fibers

A

Autonomic NS
small diameter, nonmyelinated
slow, 2mph

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13
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

no stimulus can activate another potential

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14
Q

Relative refractory period

A

another action potential is possible but must overcome hyperpolarization

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15
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Transmission across the synaptic cleft is a chemical event that involves release, diffusion, and binding of neurotransmitters. The action potential of +30 mV arrives at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. Opens voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium binds to Synaptotagmin protein and fuses synaptic vesicle with axon membrane. Neurotransmitters diffuse and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The ion channels open causing that second neuron to either inhibit or have an action potential. Within a few milliseconds the neurotransmitter is terminated either by breaking it down, reuptake by putting it back where it came from, or diffusing it away from the synaptic cleft.

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16
Q

Dopomine

A

neurotransmitter found in CNS
can plead to addiction
parkinsons disease

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16
Q

synaptotagmin

A

protein that binds with Ca++ and promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles with axon membrane

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16
Q

Serotonin

A

associated with mental and emotional disorders
etc. depression, OCD, bipolar, anxiety, migraines

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17
Q

Exteroceptors

A

stimuli outside the body

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18
Q

Interoceptors

A

stimuli in internal organs

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19
Q

Proprioceptors

A

stretch in joint tissue

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20
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

changes in temperature

20
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure,vibration

21
Q

photorecepters

A

light energy

22
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemical changes in blood

23
Q

Nocireceptors

A

extreme stimuli like getting burned

24
Q

sensation awareness

A

awareness of changes in the internal and external environment

25
Q

perception

A

conscious interpretation of stimuli

26
Q

Cognition

A

mental process of awareness, knowledge, memory, perception and thinking

27
Q

Serial processing

A

perceive inputs one at a time

28
Q

Parallel processing

A

perceiving inputs simultaneously
etc.. noting the color, direction and speed of a ball being thrown at you

29
Q

sensory memory

A

association based on sensory input

30
Q

short-term memory

A

limited and brief, seconds to hours

31
Q

long-term memory

A

can be from short-term memory if information is repeated, may exist for a long time

32
Q

Dorsal horns

A

receive somatic and visceral sensory input

33
Q

ventral horns

A

somatic motor neurons

34
Q

lateral horns

A

sympathetic neurons

35
Q

Dorsal root

A

contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

36
Q

neuron pathways

A

first order= impulses from sensory to receptors (spinal cord)
second-order= axon extending to thalamus or cerebellum
third-order= extending to somatosensory (thalamus)

37
Q

medial lemniscal tract

A

mediate fine touch

38
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

pain and crude touch

39
Q

spinocerebellar tract

A

input for balance

40
Q

upper motor neurons

A

primary motor cortex

41
Q

lower motor neurons

A

innervate skeletal muscle

42
Q

Pyramidial (corticospinal) Tract

A

fast and fine skilled movements

43
Q

indirect (extrapyramidal) system

A

balance and posture, head, neck, and eye movements

44
Q

functional loss in anesthesia

A

sensory loss

45
Q

Paralysis

A

loss of motor function

46
Q

flaccid paralyis

A

damage to ventral root/horn
no voluntary or involuntary control of muscle

47
Q

spastic paralysis

A

damage to upper motor neurons of primary cortex
no voluntary control of muscle
stimulated by reflux activity

48
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls smooth muscles, cardiac, and glands

49
Q

preganglionic nerve

A

nerve bringing signal into ganglion

50
Q

postganglionic nerve

A

nerve carrying signal away from ganglion

51
Q

beta receptors

A

lowers BP

aap (7 decks)

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