AAP Lec 6 cardiovascular

Question 1

fibrous pericardium

Answer 1

outer most layer

Question 2

Parietal serous pericardium

Answer 2

lines the fibrous percardium

Question 3

Visceral serous pericardium

Answer 3

also known as epicardium
lines outside of the heart

Question 4

Endocardium

Answer 4

innermost lining of the heart

Question 5

Myocardium

Answer 5

thick muscular layer

Question 6

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 6

carry blood to and from lungs

Question 7

Systemic circuit

Answer 7

carry blood to and from all over the body

Question 8

Sequence of heart beat

Answer 8

SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Bundle Branches
Purkinje fibers

Question 9

Cardiac centers located in?

Answer 9

Medulla oblongata

Question 10

cardioacceleratory (sympathetic)

Answer 10

innervates SA and AV nodes, heart muscle, and coronary arteries
(heart rate & contraction)

Question 11

cardioinhibitory (parasympathetic)

Answer 11

inhibits SA and AV nodes in the vagus nerve

Question 12

lub

Answer 12

beginning of systole, AV valve closes

Question 13

dub

Answer 13

beginning of diastolic, SL valve closes

Question 14

ventricular filling (cardiac cycle step 1)

Answer 14

AV valves are open
80% blood moves passively
Atrial systole occurs, delivers remaining 20% of blood
End diastolic volume

Question 15

Ventricular Systole (cardiac cycle step 2)

Answer 15

Isovolumetric = all valves close
ventricular pressure has to be higher than arterial pressure to push blood

Question 16

Isovolumetric relaxation (cardiac cycle 3)

Answer 16

ventricle relax
backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes SL valves causes dicrotic notch (brief rise in aortic pressure)

Question 17

cardiac reserve

Answer 17

difference between resting and maximum cardiac output

Question 18

stroke volume is regulated by

Answer 18

preload
contractility
afterload

Question 19

Preload

Answer 19

rubber band effect (increases SV)
bigger the stretch stronger the contraction

Question 20

Contractility

Answer 20

Increased Ca+ influx due to sympathetic stimulation
stronger contraction = higher SV

Question 21

Afterload

Answer 21

has to overcome the pressure to eject blood (lowers SV)

Question 22

positive chronotropic factor

Answer 22

increase heart rate

Question 23

negative chronotropic factor

Answer 23

decrease heart rate

Question 24

Sympathetic activated by

Answer 24

emotion or physical stress

Question 25

Noreoinephrine causes

Answer 25

pacemaker to beat faster

Question 26

parasympathetic regulation

Answer 26

vagal tone (heart at rest)

Question 27

blood flow

Answer 27

blood flowing through a vessel

Question 28

blood pressure

Answer 28

pressure pushing on wall of blood vessels

Question 29

blood viscocity

Answer 29

stickiness of blood due to formed elements and plasma protein

Question 30

blood vessel length

Answer 30

longer the vessel, longer the resistance

Question 31

blood vessel diameter

Answer 31

frequently changes and altar peripheral resistance

Question 32

Systolic pressure

Answer 32

pressure during ventricular contraction(squeezeing)

Question 33

Diastolic pressure

Answer 33

lowest level of arterial pressure

Question 34

Pulse pressure

Answer 34

difference between Systolic/diastolic pressure

Question 35

Respiratory pump

Answer 35

pressure changes during breathing move blood to the heart

Question 36

muscular pump

Answer 36

contraction of muscular muscle, milk blood towards the heart an valves prevent bacflow

Question 37

Short-term neural and hormonal regulation

Answer 37

adjusts BP by altering peripheral resistance

Question 38

long-term renal regulations

Answer 38

counteracts changes in blood pressure by blood volume

Question 39

MAP

Answer 39

Mean arterial pressure propels blood through the tissue

Question 40

Baroreceptors

Answer 40

controls blood pressure by resistance more pressure=dilate vessels less pressure= constrict vessels tells vasomotor to dilate arteries and veins

Question 41

short term hormonal controls that causes vasoconstriction

Answer 41

norepinephrine/epinephrine, Renin releases Angiotensin II (ADH)- vasopressin

Question 42

short-term hormone that causes vasodilation

Answer 42

Atrial natriuretic peptide (sodium)

Question 43

Long-term mechanism

Answer 43

control BP by BV kidney regulate arterial BP by direct/indirect mechanism

Question 44

Direct mechanism

Answer 44

High BP or BV causes kidneys to pee more reducing BP Decreased BP or BV causes kidneys to keep more water and BP rises

Question 45

Anastomose

Answer 45

provide collateral routes in case of blockage

Question 46

Angiogenesis

Answer 46

vessels to a region increases and existing vessels enlarge

Question 47

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 47

connect pulmonary trunk to aorta

Question 48

Foramen Ovale

Answer 48

right atrium to left atrium

Question 49

Ductus venosus

Answer 49

umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

Question 50

What is shunt closer

Answer 50

first breath in a new born

Question 51

umbilical vein

Answer 51

oxygenated blood from placenta to fetal heart

Question 52

Umbilical arteries

Answer 52

deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta