Immune

Question 1

Innate defense system

Answer 1

first line of defense is skin and mucus membrane
second line of defense- phagocytes, natural killer, inflammation

Question 2

Adaptive defense system

Answer 2

third line of defense, attacks particular foreign substances

Question 3

Function of the skin

Answer 3

physical barrier, slightly acidic oil and sweat wash pathogens away

Question 4

Function of mucus

Answer 4

Traps pathogens, lysozymes in saliva destroy pathogens

Question 5

macrophages function

Answer 5

roam tissue destroying pathogens

Question 6

neutrophils

Answer 6

attack and destroy bacteria

Question 7

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Answer 7

-target cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors
-Attack cancer and virus-infected cell

Question 8

Inflammatory response

Answer 8

triggered when body is injured
prevent spread of damaging agents
sets stage for repair

Question 9

acute inflammation

Answer 9

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Question 10

inflammatory chemical cause?

Answer 10

Vasodilation, leakage of fluid

Question 11

Edema

Answer 11

increased fluid in an area

Question 12

Leukocytosis

Answer 12

release of neutrophils from bone marrow

Question 13

margination

Answer 13

neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries

Question 14

diapedesis

Answer 14

neutrophils exit through capillary pores

Question 15

chemotaxis

Answer 15

neutrophils follow the chemical trail of bacteria

Question 16

Interferons (IFNs)

Answer 16

-triggered by viral infected cells
-enter neighbor cells
-neighbor cells produce antiviral protein to block viral reproduction

Question 17

Functions of interferons

Answer 17

anti-viral
reduce inflammation
activate macrophages and NK cells

Question 18

genetically engineered IFNs job

Answer 18

antiviral agents against hepatitis, genital warts, and treat multiple sclerosis

Question 19

Complement

Answer 19

uses membrane attack complex to poke holes in membrane causing cells to rupture

Question 20

Pyrogens

Answer 20

reset the body’s temperature

Question 21

benefits of moderate fever

Answer 21

liver and spleen secrete iron and zinc
increases MBR, speeding repair

Question 22

Humoral immunity

Answer 22

B-cells

Question 23

Cellular immuinty

Answer 23

T-cells

Question 24

Important functions of Complete Antigens

Answer 24

immunogenicity- stimulates lymphocytes and antibodies
reactivity- the ability to react to the product
being able to trigger a response and its working

Question 25

Haptens

Answer 25

small molecules that are not harmful by themselves, harmful when attached to body protein

Question 26

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Answer 26

Present fragments of antigen to be recognized by T cells dendritic cells macrophages B cells

Question 27

2 type of lypmphocytes

Answer 27

B lymphocytes (B cells)- humoral immunity T lymphocytes (T cells)- cell-mediated immunity

Question 28

B cells mature

Answer 28

in red bone marrow

Question 29

T cells mature

Answer 29

Thymus

Question 30

T cell function

Answer 30

destroy foreign cells

Question 31

B cells produce?

Answer 31

Plasma cells

Question 32

Plasma cells

Answer 32

secrete antibodies

Question 33

Immunoglobulins

Answer 33

-proteins secreted by plasma circulate in blood, lymph, and other bodily fluid -capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells -antibody binding facilitates destruction of antigen

Question 34

IgM

Answer 34

activates complement

Question 35

IgA (secretory IgA)

Answer 35

in mucus, milk, saliva, help prevent pathogen entry

Question 36

IgD

Answer 36

functions as B cell receptor

Question 37

IgG

Answer 37

crosses the placenta barreir

Question 38

IgE

Answer 38

allergy and parasitic infections, cause release of histamine

Question 39

Neutralization

Answer 39

inactivation of antigen

Question 40

Agglutination

Answer 40

Clumping of antigens

Question 41

Precipitation

Answer 41

Attaching antigens to each other to facilitate phagocytosis

Question 42

Complete fixation

Answer 42

antibody body binding to antigen and activated complement

Question 43

Primary humoral response

Answer 43

1. Clonal selection 2. 3-6 days to figure which b cells will match 3. antigen finds receptor that will bind with it 4. Clone B cells 5. B Cell become plasma cells making antibodies 6. become memory cells

Question 44

Secondary humoral response

Answer 44

- occurs when re-exposure happens - response happens faster, within hours - levels peak at 2-3 days at higher levels - antibody level can remain high for weeks to months

Question 45

Active humoral immunity

Answer 45

you make the antibodies naturally- response to bacteria or virus artificially- response from vaccine

Question 46

Passive humoral immunity

Answer 46

you received antibody naturally- fetus from placenta, baby from moms milk artificially- injection of serum

Question 47

Vaccines targets?

Answer 47

only one type of T helper cell, fail to establish cellular immunological memmory

Question 48

Two type of T cell surface receptor

Answer 48

CD4 & CD8, play a role in interactions with other cells

Question 49

CD4 when activated becomes

Answer 49

helper T cells

Question 50

CD8 becomes?

Answer 50

cytotoxic T cells

Question 51

No T Helper cells means?

Answer 51

no immune response

Question 52

Cytotoxic cells

Answer 52

attack and kill other cells release perforins