Immune Flashcards
Innate defense system
first line of defense is skin and mucus membrane
second line of defense- phagocytes, natural killer, inflammation
Adaptive defense system
third line of defense, attacks particular foreign substances
Function of the skin
physical barrier, slightly acidic oil and sweat wash pathogens away
Function of mucus
Traps pathogens, lysozymes in saliva destroy pathogens
macrophages function
roam tissue destroying pathogens
neutrophils
attack and destroy bacteria
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
-target cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors
-Attack cancer and virus-infected cell
Inflammatory response
triggered when body is injured
prevent spread of damaging agents
sets stage for repair
acute inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
inflammatory chemical cause?
Vasodilation, leakage of fluid
Edema
increased fluid in an area
Leukocytosis
release of neutrophils from bone marrow
margination
neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries
diapedesis
neutrophils exit through capillary pores
chemotaxis
neutrophils follow the chemical trail of bacteria
Interferons (IFNs)
-triggered by viral infected cells
-enter neighbor cells
-neighbor cells produce antiviral protein to block viral reproduction
Functions of interferons
anti-viral
reduce inflammation
activate macrophages and NK cells
genetically engineered IFNs job
antiviral agents against hepatitis, genital warts, and treat multiple sclerosis
Complement
uses membrane attack complex to poke holes in membrane causing cells to rupture
Pyrogens
reset the body’s temperature
benefits of moderate fever
liver and spleen secrete iron and zinc
increases MBR, speeding repair
Humoral immunity
B-cells
Cellular immuinty
T-cells
Important functions of Complete Antigens
immunogenicity- stimulates lymphocytes and antibodies
reactivity- the ability to react to the product
being able to trigger a response and its working
Haptens
small molecules that are not harmful by themselves, harmful when attached to body protein
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Present fragments of antigen to be recognized by T cells
dendritic cells
macrophages
B cells
2 type of lypmphocytes
B lymphocytes (B cells)- humoral immunity
T lymphocytes (T cells)- cell-mediated immunity
B cells mature
in red bone marrow
T cells mature
Thymus
T cell function
destroy foreign cells
B cells produce?
Plasma cells
Plasma cells
secrete antibodies
Immunoglobulins
-proteins secreted by plasma
circulate in blood, lymph, and other bodily fluid
-capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
-antibody binding facilitates destruction of antigen
IgM
activates complement
IgA (secretory IgA)
in mucus, milk, saliva, help prevent pathogen entry
IgD
functions as B cell receptor
IgG
crosses the placenta barreir
IgE
allergy and parasitic infections, cause release of histamine
Neutralization
inactivation of antigen
Agglutination
Clumping of antigens
Precipitation
Attaching antigens to each other to facilitate phagocytosis
Complete fixation
antibody body binding to antigen and activated complement
Primary humoral response
- Clonal selection
- 3-6 days to figure which b cells will match
- antigen finds receptor that will bind with it
- Clone B cells
- B Cell become plasma cells making antibodies
- become memory cells
Secondary humoral response
- occurs when re-exposure happens
- response happens faster, within hours
- levels peak at 2-3 days at higher levels
- antibody level can remain high for weeks to months
Active humoral immunity
you make the antibodies
naturally- response to bacteria or virus
artificially- response from vaccine
Passive humoral immunity
you received antibody
naturally- fetus from placenta, baby from moms milk
artificially- injection of serum
Vaccines targets?
only one type of T helper cell, fail to establish cellular immunological memmory
Two type of T cell surface receptor
CD4 & CD8, play a role in interactions with other cells
CD4 when activated becomes
helper T cells
CD8 becomes?
cytotoxic T cells
No T Helper cells means?
no immune response
Cytotoxic cells
attack and kill other cells
release perforins
