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Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pain of visceral origin that follows the dermatome rule?

A

Referred pain

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2
Q

Increased in what motor neuron activity increases the sensitivity of the muscle spindle?

A

Gamma - motor neuron activity

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3
Q

An exaggerated form of the Golgi tendon reflex?

A

Clasp-knife Reflex

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4
Q

Autonomic receptor blocked by hexamethonium at the ganglia but not at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

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5
Q

Blocks Nicotinic receptors only in the ganglia and not in the NMJ?

A

Hexamethonium

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6
Q

True or False.
Nicotinic receptors are present in both ganglia and NMJ?

A

True

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7
Q

66/M with chronic hypertension treated with prazosin. Mechanism of action of the drug?

A

Inhibition of a-1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle leading to vasodilation of cutaneous and splanchnic vascular beds , decreased TPR and decreased BP.

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8
Q

Parasympathetic muscarinic receptor effect on the eyes?

A

Miosis - contraction of the circular muscle of the iris

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9
Q

Unique feature of C fibers compared to other types?

A

Have the slowest conduction velocity of any nerve fiber type.

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10
Q

Compared with the cones of the retina , the rods are more sensitive to?

A

Low intensity light

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11
Q

The apex of the organ of Corti responds to which frequency?

A

The apex responds better to low frequencies than the base does.

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12
Q

Origin of sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A

Originates in the Thoracolumbar Spinal cord

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13
Q

The apex of the organ corti responds to which frequency?

A

The apex responds better to low frequencies than the base does

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14
Q

Autonomic receptors that mediates increased in heart rate?

A

Adrenergic B-1 Receptors

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15
Q

Total blindness of the left eye. Structure damaged?

A

Left optic nerve

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16
Q

Reflex responsible for monosynaptic excitation of ipsilateral homonymous muscle

A

Stretch reflex ( myotactic)

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17
Q

Cells in the visual cortex that responds best to moving bar of light?

A

Complex Cells
-respond to moving bars or edges with correct orientation.

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18
Q

Cell in the visual cortex respond to stationary bars?

A

Simple cells

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19
Q

Cell in the visual cortex respond to lines, curves, and angles?

A

Hypercomplex cells

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20
Q

Drug/ Drug class contraindicated in a child with history of asthma?

A

Propranolon ( Beta 2- antagonist)
Will cause further bronchoconstriction from an already increased resistance in asthma.

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21
Q

Stimulatory adrenergic receptor that forms IP3 and an increase in intracellular Ca?

A

Alpha 1 receptor

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22
Q

The excessive muscle tone produced in decerebrate rigidity can be reversed by ?

A

Cutting the dorsal roots blocks the reflexes since decerebrate rigidity is caused by increased reflex muscle spindle activity.

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23
Q

Body part with the largest representation on the primary motor cortex?

A

Fingers

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24
Q

Autonomic receptor that mediates secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla?

A

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

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25
Q

Blindness in the temporal field of the left eye and nasal field on the right eye. What structure is damaged?

A

Right optic tract ( homonymous contralateral hemianopia )

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26
Q

A dancer spins to the left and eyes snap quickly to the left. This fast eye movement is called?

A

Nystagmus

Occurs in same direction as the rotation.

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27
Q

A dancer spins to the left and eyes snap quickly to the right. This fast eye movement is called?

A

Postrotatory Nystagmus

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28
Q

Autonomic drug that stimulates adenylate cyclase?
Choices:
atropine , clonidine, curare, norepinephrine, phentolamine, or propranolol.

A

Norepinephrine
among the autonomic drugs only B1 and B2 act by stimulating adenylate cyclase.

Atropine - Muscarinic cholinergic antagonist
Clonidine- alpha 2 agonist
Curare- Nicotinic cholinergic antagonist
Phentolamine - alpha 1 antagonist
Propranolol- B1 & B2 antagonist

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29
Q

Activates transducing in photoreception?

A

Metarhodopsin II
Activates transducing

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30
Q

Effects of pathogens in producing fever?

A

Increase Interleukin 1

  1. Increase prostaglandins
  2. Increase in set point temperature
  3. Shivering
  4. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
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31
Q

True or False.
Olfactory receptor cells are considered neurons.

A

True, and the only neurons that regenerate.

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32
Q

Effect of chorda tympani lesion.

A

Impaired taste function

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33
Q

Produces maximum excitation of the hair cells in the right horizontal semicircular canal?

A

Rotating the head to the right

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34
Q

In Disdiadokinesia , what organ or structure is affected?

A

Cerebellum

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35
Q

Autonomic receptor activated by low concentrations of epinephrine causing vasodilation .

A

Adrenergic Bata-2 receptors

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36
Q

Complete transection of the spinal cord at the level of T1 would most likely result in ?

A

Temporary loss of stretch reflex below the lesion.

Transection of spinal cord causes spinal shock and loss of all reflexes below the level of the lesion.

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37
Q

Definition of sensory receptor potentials?

A

Are graded in size depending on stimulus intensity.
May bring the membrane potential of the receptor cell either toward (depolarization) or away (hyperpolarization)

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38
Q

Tru or False.
Receptor potentials are not action potentials.

A

True

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39
Q

Blindness in the temporal fields of the left and right eyes. What structure is damaged?

A

Optic chiasm ( bitemporal hemianopia)

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40
Q

Primary function is to coordinate rate, range, force, and direction of movement?

A

Cerebellum

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41
Q

Reflex responsible for polysynaptic excitation of contralateral extensors?

A

Flexor withdrawal reflex

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42
Q

Function of nuclear bag fibers?

A

They detect dynamic changes in muscle length.

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43
Q

Function of Nuclear chain?

A

Detect static changes.

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44
Q

Muscle stretch leads to a direct increase in firing rate of this type of nerve?

A

Group Ia fibers

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45
Q

42 / F with Pheochromocytoma treated with phenoxybenzamine. What is the moa of the drug?

A

Decrease IP3 / Ca 2+ , phenoxybenzamine is an a-1 antagonist , thus decreasing IP3 / Ca2+

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46
Q

Effect of atropine on AV node conduction velocity.

A

Increased AV node conduction velocity.

Muscarinic receptors decreases AV Node conduction, thus muscarinic antagonists agents such as atropine , will increase AV node conduction velocity.

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47
Q

What waves in the EEG in a person with closed eyes but awake?

A

Alpha waves

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48
Q

Nerve affected in claw hand?

A

Ulnar Nerve

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49
Q

Nerve affected in wrist drop?

A

Radial Nerve

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50
Q

Nerve affected in ape hand/ Hand of benediction?

A

Median Nerve

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51
Q

Parkinsons:
Mechanism ?
Location in the brain ?
NT affected ?

A

Mechanism: degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
Location: Substantia nigra pars compacta
NT affected: Dopamine

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52
Q

Heteronymous bitemporal hemianposia?

A

Optic chiasm

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53
Q

Innervated by alpha- motoneurons, for voluntary muscle contraction?
Choices: Intrafusal or Extrafusal

A

Extrafusal

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54
Q

Blocked by hexamethonium at the ganglia but not in the NMJ?

A

Cholinergic Nicotinic Receptors

55
Q

Which reflex is responsible for monosynaptic excitation of ispsilateral homonymous muscle?

A

Stretch reflex (Myotatic)

56
Q

Sleep cycle rhythm/ waves?

A

Alpha, Beta, Delta, Theta

57
Q

Location of the blindspot?

A

A. 12-15 degrees temporally
B. 1.5 degrees below the horizontal meridian
C. 7.5 degrees high
D. 5.5 degrees wide

58
Q

Neostigmine moa?

A

Inhibits Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)

59
Q

Hexamethonium moa?

A

Non-depolarizing ganglionic blocker

60
Q

Innervation anterior 2/3 tongue?

A

CN VII ( Chorda tympani Facial Nerve)

61
Q

Releases NO?

A

Nonadrenergic , Noncholinergic Neurons

62
Q

Substance P is inhibited by?

A

Opioid

63
Q

Decreases pupillary aperture?

A

Miosis

64
Q

Drooping of eyelid?

A

Ptosis

65
Q

Muscle that contracts during knee-jerk reflex / patellar reflex ?

A

Quadriceps femoris ( Extensor Muscle)
- located taas sa patella

66
Q

Salivation after seeing a roasted pig is caused by?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system
- cephalic phase of gastric secretion also occurs at this time

67
Q

Most potent mechanism for heat production ?

A

Shivering ( behavioral response)

68
Q

Diseases involving Dopamine?

A
  1. Parkinsons - decreased
  2. Schizophrenia - increased
69
Q

Diseases involving Acetylcholine?

A
  1. Myasthenia gravis- autoantibodies against acetylcholine
  2. Alzheimers- decreased
70
Q

Characteristics of cerebral blood flow (CBF) ? (4)

A
  1. CBF is related to metabolism of cerebral tissues
  2. H+ causes increased blood flow vasodilation
  3. O2 utilization by the brain is within narrow limits
  4. Increased CBF will increase removal of acids
71
Q

Characterizes the corticorubrospinal system? (4)

A
  1. Serves as an accessory route for transmission of discrete signals
  2. Ends on the interneurons and motor neurons that control the more distal muscles of the limbs
  3. Stimulation of a single point in a portion of the red nucleus will cause contraction of a single muscle
  4. Humans have small and rudimentary red nucleus
72
Q

Clasp knife reflex?

A

Golgi Tendon Reflex - characteristic UMN lesion response

73
Q

Visual defect from cutting the optic nerve ?

A

Blindness in the ipsilateral eye

74
Q

Blocks the release of Ach from presynaptic terminals?

A

Botulinum toxin

75
Q

Reflex involving flexion on ipsilateral side and extension on contralateral side?

A

Flexor - Withdrawal Reflex

76
Q

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing involve ?

A

Calacrine fissure

77
Q

Summate to form endplate potential (EPP)?

A

Miniature End-Plate potential

EPP is an efficient action potential that involves depolarization of the specialized muscle end plate.

78
Q

Functions of neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Chemical messengers

79
Q

Types of cells in the CNS? (2)

A

1.neurons
2.glial cells

80
Q

Micturition center?

A

Pons

81
Q

Respiratory center ?

A

Medullary ( DRG & VRG)

82
Q

Apneustic center when stimulated will cause?

A

Prolongs duration of inspiration -> decreased RR

83
Q

Occurs in REM sleep?

A
  1. Dreams
  2. Miosis
  3. Erection
  4. Occurs every 90mins of slow wave sleep
  5. Rapid eye movement
  6. Difficult to arouse
84
Q

When a vascular smooth muscle are stretched , there’s a reflex contraction and vice versa. May explain auto regulation , but not active or reactive hyperemia.

A

Myogenic Theory

85
Q

Helps in regeneration and remyelination in thePNS?

A

Schwann cells

86
Q

Stimulate flexors and primarily extensor muscles predominates the medullary counterpart?

A

Pontine Reticulospinal Tract

87
Q

Neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system?

A
  1. Acetylcholine (major)
  2. Dopamine
  3. Serotonin
88
Q

Main function of CSF?

A

Cushioning

89
Q

Location of Rods and Cones?

A

Retina

90
Q

Important eye movement?

A

Blinking

91
Q

Ciliary muscle contraction?

A

Spherical lens ( focus on near objects, accommodation)

92
Q

2 functional classes of eye movements?

A

Gaze stabilization& Gaze shifting

93
Q

Type of hearing loss when you damage the inner hair cells?

A

Irreversible sensorineural hearing loss
( usually affecting first those involved in high-frequency sounds)

94
Q

Rapid alternating movements?

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

95
Q

Parts of the brain involved in hunger?

A

Lateral (hunger) nuclei
Ventromedial (satiety) nuclei of the hypothalamus

96
Q

MOA of hexamethonium?

A

Non-depolarizing, ganglionic blocker

(Nicotinic not in NMJ )

97
Q

Corrective lenses for Myopia ?

A

Biconcave

98
Q

Corrective lenses for Hyperopia ?

A

Convex

99
Q

Corrective lenses for Astogmatism ?

A

Cylindrical

100
Q

Uses group Ia afferents , detects dynamic changes?

A

Nuclear bag fibers

101
Q

Approximate number of neurons?

A

100 Bilion

102
Q

Involve in interhemispheric communication?

A

Corpus callosum

103
Q

Gas that is always an inhibitory NT, can vasodilate arterioles, involves cGMP?

A

Nitric Oxide

104
Q

LH is highest in what phase of cycle?

A

Ovulation

105
Q

Part of the brain you need the most to catch a fly?

A

Cerebral cortex

106
Q

Conduction velocity is most dependent on?

A

Nerve diameter ( more than myelination)

107
Q

Form red nucleus to interneurons of lateral spinal cord. Stimulates flexors , inhibits extensors ?

A

Rubrospinal Tract

108
Q

Location of GABA C Receptors?

A

Retina

109
Q

Greatest resistance in the blood vessels?

A

Arterioles

110
Q

Putamen and anterior horn cells are involved in?

A

Motor pathways

111
Q

Also known as the craniosacral division?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

112
Q

What facilitates release of Ach from the synaptic vesicles?

A

Ca influx

113
Q

Autoimmune disease marked by auto-antibodies against this voltage gated calcium channels which prevents Ach from being released to the NMJ?

A

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

114
Q

Compression of eyeballs / EOMS leading to decreased HR?

A

Oculocardiac Reflex/ Aschner Phenomenon/ Ashner-Dagnini Reflex

115
Q

Cause HCl secretion while food is in stomach?

A

Vagovagal Reflex

116
Q

Appetite & Satiety centers are found in which part of hypothalamus respectively?

A

Lateral (Appetite)
Ventromedial ( Satiety)

117
Q

Used for night vision?

A

Rods

118
Q

Triggers the chemoreceptor trigger zone found in the area of postrema?

A
  1. Emetics
  2. Radiation
  3. Vestibular stimulation
119
Q

Chemoreceptors react to which stimulus ? (2)

A
  1. Peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic bodies, carotid bodies:
    -hypoxemia (main)
    -hypercarbia
    -acidosis
  2. Central chemoreceptors in medulla: CSF H+
120
Q

Which nerve when damaged cause gluteal / tendelenburg gait?

A

Superior Gluteal Nerve

Tendelenburg gait: mo drop ang pelvic bone while ga walk

121
Q

No action potential possible even with increased stimulus?

A

Absolute Refractory Period

122
Q

In comparison to skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells contain more __________?

A

Sarcosomes ( large specialized mitochondria)

123
Q

Types of GABA receptors? (3)

A
  1. GABA A : ionotrophic ; ubiquitous
  2. GABA B : metabotropic
  3. GABA C: ionotropic , enriched in retina compared to other parts of CNS
124
Q

After a rapid spin to he right , eyes quickly snap in the same direction?

A

Nystagmus

125
Q

Triggers of malignant hyperthermia?

A
  1. Halothane also inhaled general anesthesia : enflurane, ether, isoflurane, sevoflurane)
  2. Succinylcholine
  3. Heat stress
  4. Vigorous exercise
126
Q

Polysynaptic reflex? (3)

A
  1. Flexor - withdrawal reflex: ( touching hot pan , flexon on the affected arm, extension in contralateral)
  2. Golgi- Tendon / Clasp Knife Reflex: disynaptic , UMN lesion
  3. Stretch/ Knee-jerk Reflex : monosynaptic , quadriceps femoris tendon is responsible for the jerking
127
Q

Physiologic blind spot?

A

Optic disc

128
Q

Brain waves predominate during awake, eyes closed, relaxing person?

A

Alpha- waves

129
Q

Brain waves predominate during awake, eyes closed, relaxing person?

A

Alpha- waves

130
Q

Brain waves predominate during awake, eyes open, busy and alert?

A

Beta waves

131
Q

Brain waves predominate during brain disorders and degenerative brain states?

A

Theta waves

132
Q

Brain waves predominate during brain disorders and degenerative brain states?

A

Theta waves

133
Q

Brain waves predominate during deep sleep, and organic brain disease and in infants ?

A

Delta waves

Physiology (11 decks)

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