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Physiology > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Secreted by the pancreatic cells in response to an increase in blood glucose?

A

Insulin

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2
Q

Secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland in response to a decrease in serum Ca?

A

PTH

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3
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
ACTH

A

cAMP Mechanism

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4
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
CRH

A

cAMP Mechanism

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5
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
MSH

A

cAMP mechanism

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6
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
PTH

A

cAMP Mechanism

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7
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
Glucagon

A

cAMP Mechanism

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8
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
ADH V1 Receptor

A

IP3 Mechanism

V1 : IP3

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9
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
Oxytocin

A

IP3 Mechanism

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10
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
ADH V2 Receptor

A

cAMP Mechanism

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11
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
Insulin

A

Tyrosine Kinase

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12
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
IGF-1

A

Tyrosine kinase

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13
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
ANP

A

cGMP mechanism

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14
Q

Mechanism of hormone action:
NO

A

cGMP mechanism

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15
Q

Effect of TRH on prolactin secretion?

A

Increases Prolactin Secretion

  • In case of Primary Hypothyroidism ( Low Thyroid Hormones, High TRH) , it is crucial to check for prolactin levels or its effects on the body.
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16
Q

Acts on tissues by steroid hormone mechanism ?

A
  1. Glucocorticoid
  2. EST ( Estrogen)
  3. TESTOSTERONE
  4. PROGESTERONE
  5. Aldosterone
  6. Vit D
  7. Thyroid Hormone
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17
Q

41/F with hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, decreased urinary phosphate excretion. PTH injection increases cAMP. Diagnosis?
a. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
b. Hypoparathyroidism
c. Vit D Intoxication
d. Vit D deficiency

A

Hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery

  • Not primary hyperparathyroid. The patient responded to exogenous PTH with an increased in urinary cAMP.
  • Not Vit D intoxication, Hypercalcemia instead hypocalcemia
  • Not Vit D deficiency. Hypocalcemia w/ Hypophosphatemia
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18
Q

38/M with galactorrhea and prolactinoma. Treated with bromocriptine. Therapeutic action of drug ?

A

Inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary.
Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist.

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19
Q

Hormones released from posterior pituitary? (2)

A

Oxytocin & ADH

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20
Q

Parent molecule of ACTH?

A

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

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21
Q

Parent molecule for B-endorphin ?

A

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC )

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22
Q

Parent molecule for A-lipotropin?

A

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC )

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23
Q

Parent molecule of B-lipotropin ?

A

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC )

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24
Q

Parent molecule of MSH?

A

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC )

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25
Q

Inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?

A

Somatomedin

  • Inh directly and indirectly by stimulating somatostatin release
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26
Q

Effect of sleep on growth hormone?

A

Increased secretion

  • Growth hormone is secreted in pulsatile fashion with a large burst occurring during sleep.
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27
Q

Effect of stress on growth hormone?

A

Increased secretion

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28
Q

Effect of puberty on growth hormone?

A

Increased secretion

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29
Q

Effect of starvation on growth hormone?

A

Increased secretion

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30
Q

Selective destruction of the zona glomerulosa, cause what hormone deficiency?

A

Aldosterone

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31
Q

Step in steroid hormone biosynthesis, which blocks the production of all androgenic compounds, but not the production of glucocorticoids?

A

17-Hydroxypregnenolone to Dehydroepiandrosterone

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32
Q

46/F with hirsutism, hyperglycemia, obesity, muscle wasting, and increased ACTH.
Diagnosis?

A

Cushing Disease - Primary overproduction of ACTH

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33
Q

Phosphate level that increases the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ?

A

Hypophosphatemia

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34
Q

Factors that increases the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ? (3)

A
  1. Hypophosphatemia
  2. Hypocalcemia
  3. PTH

PTH activates 1a- hydroxylase to convert vit D to its active form.

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35
Q

ACTH secretion during chronic adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison disease) ?

A

Increased ACTH secretion

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36
Q

Expected hormone levels in Graves disease?

A

Increased T3, T4
Low TSH

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37
Q

Step in steroid hormone biosynthesis stimulated ACTH?

A

Cholesterol to Pregnenolone via Cholesterol desmolase

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38
Q

Blood volume level causing increased aldosterone secretion?

A

Decreased blood volume

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39
Q

61/F with hyperthyroidism , treated with propylthiouracil. PTU inhibits oxidation of?

A

Iodide (I-)

PTU Inh the peroxidase enzyme, thus inhibiting the organification of iodide to I2; halting thyroid hormone synthesis.

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40
Q

39/M with untreated T1DM, insulin injection effect on pH?

A

Increased blood pH

-Before insulin, untreated DM patient will have metabolic acidosis. Upon giving insulin, ketoacid production will be decreased, thus correcting the metabolic acidosis and increasing blood pH.

41
Q

Action of PTH on the Distal renal tubule ?

A

Stimulation of Ca 2 reabsorption in the distal tubule.

42
Q

Action of PTH on the Proximal renal tubule ?

A

Inhibits Phosphate Reabsorption

43
Q

Action of PTH on vitamin D synthesis and regulation ?

A

Stimulates 1-alpha hydroxylase enzyme in the renal tubules.

44
Q

Pancreatic secretion with 4 subunits and tyrosine kinase activity in its receptor?

A

Insulin

45
Q

76/ M with lung cancer. Excess urine volume , thirsty , drinks water constantly .
Labs:
- High serum Ca
- High serum Osmolarity
- Low urine osmolarity
- No change of osmolarity after ADH administration
What’s the expected ADH level?

A

Increased, because the elevated serum osmolarity has stimulated ADH secretion

46
Q

76/ M with lung cancer. Excess urine volume , thirsty , drinks water constantly .
Labs:
- High serum Ca
- High serum Osmolarity
- Low urine osmolarity
- No change of osmolarity after ADH administration
What’s the Diagnosis?

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

💙Absent of Ineffective ADH
= No water reabsorption ( High serum osmolarity / concentrated)
= Water excreted (Low urine osmolarity/ diluted)
💙No change after ADH administration
= Nephrogenic

47
Q

76/ M with lung cancer. Excess urine volume , thirsty , drinks water constantly .
Labs:
- High serum Ca
- High serum Osmolarity
- Low urine osmolarity
- No change of osmolarity after ADH administration
What’s the expected treatment?

A

Pamidronate - Inhibits bone resorption
Furosemide - Inhibits renal calcium reabsorption

Nephrogenic DI secondary to hypercalcemia secondary to PTHrp secretion of the lung tumor. Treatment should be directed in lowering serum Calcium.

48
Q

TRH is secreted by the ______________.

A

Hypothalamus

HypoTRHalamus

49
Q

TSH is secreted by the ______________.

A

Pituitary

PituiTSHary gland

50
Q

T4 & T3 are secreted by _________________.

A

Thyroid Gland

51
Q

True or False.
T3 is more active than T4.

A

True

52
Q

True or False.
T4 is synthesized abundantly than T3.

A

True

53
Q

1 MIT + 1 DIT = ____________

A

T3

54
Q

1 DIT + 1 DIT = ____________

A

T4

55
Q

In peripheral tissues T4 is converted to T3 or rT3 by what enzyme?

A

5’-iodinase

56
Q

Inactive or Active ?
rT3

A

Inactive

57
Q

Inhibits the Iodine pump / Na - Iodine Co- transport? (2)

A
  1. Thiocyanate
  2. Perchlorate Anions
58
Q

The peroxidase enzyme which catalyzed the oxidation of I- to I2 is inhibited by?

A

PTU - Propylthiouracil

59
Q

Effect in which high levels of Iodine inhibit organification and therefore inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

A

Wolff-Chaikoff Effect

60
Q

Precursors of epinephrine?

A

Norepinephrine

(Pare True Love Does Not Exist To Me)

61
Q

A 39/M with untreated T1 DM is brought to the ER. An injection of insulin would be expected to cause an increase in his?

A

Blood pH

62
Q

Insulin given to DKA leads to?

A

Decreased Hyperventilation

Resolution of acidosis and improvement of serum bicarbonate due to IV insulin infusion

63
Q

Center for thermoregulation:
a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. Amygdala

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

Hypothalamus secretes? (6)

A
  1. CRH
  2. GnRH
  3. Dopamine
  4. Somatostatin
  5. GHRH
  6. TRH
65
Q

Synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored & secreted in the posterior pituitary? (2)

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. Vasopressin
66
Q

Adrenal Insufficiency is associated with?

A

Hypoosmotic Volume Contraction

67
Q

Derivatives of POMC? (4)

A
  1. MSH
  2. ACTH
  3. Endorphin
  4. Metenkephalin
68
Q

Increases secretion of Oxytocin? (6)

A
  1. Dilatation of Cervix
  2. Suckling of the breast
  3. Orgasm
  4. Sight
  5. Sound
  6. Smell of Infant
69
Q

Potent in increasing gallbladder contractility?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

70
Q

Important in the feedback mechanism of controlling hormone secretion?

A

Secretory Rate

71
Q

Steroid hormones , Vitamin D are derived from?

A

Cholesterol

72
Q

Actions of prolactin? (4)

A
  1. Milk production
  2. Inhibits ovulation
  3. Inhibits spermatogenesis
  4. Stimulates breast development together with estrogen and progesterone during puberty and pregnancy
73
Q

Safety factors against edema?

A
  1. Low tissue compliance in the negative pressure ranges
  2. lymph flow driven by tissue pressure
  3. protein washout by lymph
  • Decreased proteins in the interstitial fluids when lymph flow increases
74
Q

Fluid to give for DKA?

A

NSS

75
Q

Site of aldosterone secretion? (2)

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Adrenal cortex
76
Q

Secretin actions? (2)

A
  1. Inhibits HCl
  2. Increases biliary and pancreatic bicarbonate
77
Q

Site of weak androgen secretion?

A

Adrenal Cortex
Zona reticularis

78
Q

Actions of caffeine? (3)

A
  1. Inhibits all types of adenosine receptors (ARs): A1, A2A, A3, and A2B ( affects brain functions such as sleep, cognition, learning and memory)
  2. Inhibits phosphodiesterases (PDEs): PDE 1, PDE 4, PE5
  3. Promotes calcium release from intracellular stores
79
Q

What is the sympathetic supply of the kidney?

A

Beta-1

80
Q

Hyperaldosteronism eg. Conn Syndrome, is associated with which acid-base abnormality?

A

Metabolic alkalosis - due to increased H+ secretion to the urine

81
Q

Severe water deprivation vs SIADH ?

A

Severe water deprivation shows an increased plasma osmolarity due to increased sweating that causes greater water loss than Na loss.

SIADH shows an decreased plasma osmolarity due to increased water reabsorption in the kidneys.

82
Q

What are the adrenal gland hormones from the innermost to outermost?

A
  1. Epi
  2. NE
  3. Weak Androgens
  4. Cortisol
  5. Aldosterone

putang ENA CA

83
Q

Has four subunits and tyrosine kinase activity?

A

Insulin

84
Q

Hormone secreted in response to GIP ?

A

Insulin

85
Q

Involved in regulation of body clock?

A

Melatonin

86
Q

Self-limiting mechanism to control hormonal effect?

A

Negative feedback

87
Q

Stimulates glycogenolysis?

A

Glucagon

88
Q

Stimulates potassium influx?

A

Insulin

89
Q

Diuretic used in the treatment of acute mountain sickness?

A

Acetazolamide sounds like a rock in the mountain

90
Q

Half life : 2 mins short compared to renin , aldosterone, corticosterone, and DHEA.

A

Norepinephrine

91
Q

Decreases food intake and may also increase energy expenditure.

A

Leptin has anorexigenic effect

92
Q

Where is Acetylcholine produced?

A

Basal Nucleus of Meynert

93
Q

Where is NE produced in the brain?

A

Locus Ceruleus

94
Q

Where is Serotonin produced?

A

Raphe Nucleus

( Sir Raphe)

95
Q

Where is dopamine produced?

A

Ventral Tegmentum of Substantia Nigra

96
Q

Where is GABA produced?

A

Nucleus Accumbens

97
Q

How much body water is lost in the feces during prolonged heavy exercise?

A

100ml/ day

98
Q

How much body water is lost in the skin during prolonged heavy exercise?

A

350ml / day

99
Q

How much body water is lost in the skin during prolonged heavy exercise?

A

350ml / day

Physiology (11 decks)

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