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Physiology > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Permits current flow and electrical coupling between myocardial cells?

A

Gap junctions

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2
Q

Galactose is a competitive inhibitor of glucose transport. In what carrier mediated characteristic?

A

Competition

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3
Q

D-glucose is transported by facilitated diffusion , but the L-isomer is not.
In what carrier mediated characteristic?

A

Steriospecificity

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4
Q

Glucose transport in muscle and adipose cells in downhill and is carrier mediated. In what type of transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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5
Q

Na-K-2Cl in the renal thick ascending limb.
In what type of transport?

A

Co-transport / Symport

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6
Q

Na-Glucose cotransport:
Glucose is transported ____________,
Na is transported ______________.

A

Uphill, Downhill

(glUcose: Uphill)

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7
Q

Na-Ca counter-transport : Energy is derived from the _______.

A

Derived from the downhill movement of Na.

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8
Q

What is the osmolarity of a 1M NaCl solution?

A

2 Osm/L

Osmolarity= g x C
Osmolarity = 2 Osm / mol x 1M
Osmolarity = 2 Osm/L

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9
Q

At resting potential, the activation gates are ______ and thus the Na channels are ________?

A

Closed, Closed

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10
Q

True or False.
The activation gate of Na channel in nerve is opened by depolarization.

A

True

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11
Q

True or False.
The inactivation gate of Na channel in nerve is closed by depolarization.

A

True

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12
Q

True or False.
If either the activation or inactivation on the gate of Na channel in nerve is closed, the channel is closed and impermeable to Na.

A

True

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13
Q

Small channels lined with negatively charged groups will be selective for _______ and exclude ___________.

A

Small Cation, Large solutes and anions.

(Small Negative Cat)

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14
Q

Nerve membrane at rest is far more permeable to what solute?

A

K+ than Na+

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15
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of the nerve?

A

-70mv

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16
Q

What is the calculated K equilibrium potential ?

A

-85mV

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17
Q

What is the calculated Na equilibrium potential ?

A

+65 mV

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18
Q

Characteristic shared by simple and facilitated diffusion of glucose?

A

Occurs down an electrochemical gradient

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19
Q

Occurs during the upstroke of the nerve action potential?

A

Net inward current and the cell interior becomes less negative.

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20
Q

True or False.
Depolarization is caused by an inward current and in most muscle types, inward current is carried by Na+

A

True

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21
Q

Correct temporal sequence for events at the neuromuscular junction ? (3)

A
  1. Uptake of Ca into the presynaptic terminal
  2. Release of Acetylcholine
  3. Depolarization of the muscle end plate
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22
Q

Characteristic shared by skeletal muscle and smooth muscle?

A

Elevation of intracellular Ca for excitation - contraction coupling.

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23
Q

Solute responsible dor tetanus?

A

Calcium

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24
Q

A 42 yo Male with myasthenia gravis improves with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Basis of improvement?

A

Levels of ACh at the muscle end plates increases.

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25
Q

Effect of myelinating the nerve in the conduction velocity of action potentials?

A

Increased conduction velocity.

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26
Q

Transport of D and L glucose proceeds at the same rate down an electrochemical gradient. In what transport process?

A

Simple Diffusion

According to BRS, only two types of transport occur downhill - simple diffusion & facilitated. If there is no stereospecificity for the D- or L-isomer ,o nce can conclude that the transport is not a carrier mediated. In real life, this is through simple diffusion.

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27
Q

Doubles the permeability of a solute in a lipid bilayer?

A

Doubling the oil/ water partition coefficient of the solute

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28
Q

Effect of local anesthetic blocking Na+ channels in nerves?

A

Decrease the rate of rise of the upstroke of the action potential.

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29
Q

Channels opened by acetylcholine at the muscle end-plate ?

A

Na and K channels and depolarization to a value halfway between the Na and K equilibrium potentials.

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30
Q

Defines inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

Hyper-polarizes the postsynaptic membrane by opening a-channels.

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31
Q

Result of the inhibition of Na K ATPase.
Effect on intracellular calcium?

A

Increased intracellular Ca concentration

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32
Q

Abolishing the Na gradient across the cell membrane will affect which glucose intestinal transport process?

A

Cotransport

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33
Q

Occurs before depolarization of the T tubules in the skeletal muscle?

A

Depolarization of the sarcolemmal membrane.

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34
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

GABA

B- Brain

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35
Q

What process that Indirectly use ATP in the intestinal cells?

A

Absorption of glucose by intestinal epithelial cells, occurs by secondary active transport.

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36
Q

Causes rigor in skeletal muscles?

A

A decrease in ATP level

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37
Q

Disease with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons?

A

Parkinson disease

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38
Q

Transport process blocked by the drug class PPI.

A

Primary Active Transport

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39
Q

Elevated serum K causes muscle weakness because?

A

Na channels are closed by depolarization.

40
Q

True or False.
Elevated serum K causes depolarization of K equilibrium potential and therefore depolarization of the RMP.

A

True

41
Q

True or False.
Sustained depolarization closes the inactivation gates of Na.

A

True

42
Q

Occurs after binding of Ca to calmodulin?

A

Increased myosin light chain kinase

43
Q

68 Male with syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone, treated with hypertonic saline. Plasma osmolarity before treatment?
Choices:
a. 235 mOsm / L
b. 290 mOsm/L
c. 300 mOsm / L
d.320 mOsm/L

A

Pretreatment is hypotonic and hypoosmotic =235 mOsm/ L

44
Q

Solution A & B are separated by a semipermeable membrane that is permeable to K+ but not to Cl- Solution A is 100 mM KCL , SolutionB is 1 mM KCl. How will K+ move?

A

K+ will diffuse from solution A to solution B until a membrane potential develops with solution A negative with respect to solution B.

45
Q

Solution 1 and 2 are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Solution 1 contains a solute that is too large to cross the membrane. Solution2 2 is pure water. Which solution produces an osmotic pressure?

A

Solution 1

Since the solutes cannot cross the membrane and thus can pull water from the other solution.

46
Q

Two solutions of NaCl are separated by a membrane that is permeable to Na+ but not to Cl. The NaCl concentration of solution 1 is higher of that solution 2. What happens to both solutes?

A

Na+ will diffuse from solution 1 to solution 2; diffusion potential will develop at the membrane and solution 1 will become negative with respect to solution 2.

47
Q

Solutions A (10mM urea) and B (5mM urea) are separated by a membrane that is permeable to urea. What happens to the flux of urea when concentration of urea in solution A is doubled?

A

Triple

When urea concentration was doubled in solution A , the concentration difference became 20mM - 5mM = 15mM or three times the difference of the original difference.

48
Q

Solutions A and B are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Solution A contains 1mM of sucrose & 1mM or urea. Solution B contains 1mM sucrose. The reflection coefficient of sucrose is one. The reflection coefficient for urea is zero.Solution A will be what compared to B?

A

Solution A is hyperosmotic with respect to solution B, and the solution are isotonic.

Solution A contains both sugar and urea at concentrations of 1mM, where solution B contains only sucrose at a concentration of 1mM.

49
Q

Basic unit of human body?

A

Cell

50
Q

RBCs placed on a solution >300

A

RBCs will shrink

51
Q

Type of muscle fibers not used by sedentary persons?

A

White muscle fibers, (Fast-Twitch ; Type 2)

52
Q

Source of most energy used for long-term muscle contraction?

A

Oxidative metabolism

53
Q

Formed when activated myosin heads bind to binding sites in actin?

A

Cross-bridge attachment

54
Q

Major hallmarks of cancer cells? (2)

A
  1. Loss of cell to cell adhesion
  2. Anchorage independent growth
55
Q

Sustained muscle contraction in tetanus , is due to accumulation of?

A

Calcium intracellularly

56
Q

Temporal summation is caused by?

A

Recurrent / repetitive inputs

57
Q

Amount of calcium released from SR depends on ?

A

Amount of calcium stored

58
Q

Occurs during an upstroke of action potential?

A
  1. Net inward current
  2. Cell interior becomes less negative
59
Q

Inhibits PDE, causing inhibition of the degradation of cAMP to 5’ AMP?

A

Caffeine

60
Q

Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 ?

A

Aspirin

61
Q

When doubled , will also double permeability of solute in a lipid bilayer.

A
  1. Increased oil/ water partition coefficient of solute
  2. Decreased radius of solute
  3. Decreased membrane thickness

J=PA (C1-C2)
P= permeability

62
Q

Major cation of the intracellular fluid?

A

K+ ( Mg is also an ICF cation)

63
Q

Characteristics of ion channels ?

A

Selectivity based on distribution of charges and size of channels .

Eg. Small channel lined with negatively charged groups will exclude large solutes.

64
Q

Small motor neurons innervate __________.

A

Slow-twitch fibers

65
Q

True or False.

Small motor neurons generate smallest force, but not able to maintain levels of force for long periods.

A

False.
They are able to maintain force for long periods.
“One, Small , Red, Ox, Endure heat”

66
Q

True of False.
Small motor neurons innervate few muscle fibers.

A

True

67
Q

What causes the repolarization of the action potential?

A

Outward K+ movement (K+ Efflux)

68
Q

What initiates action potential in the skeletal muscle fiber?
a. Sodium
b. Calcium
c. Both

A

Sodium

69
Q

What initiates action potential in the smooth muscle fiber?
a. Sodium
b. Calcium
c. Both

A

Calcium

70
Q

Factors that determine permeability of the membrane? (3)

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Types of solutes present
  3. Level of cell hydration
71
Q

Confers fluidity to the cell membrane?

A

Cholesterol

72
Q

Detects dynamic changes?

A

Nuclear bag fibers

73
Q

Greatest determinant of muscle strength?

A

Muscle size

74
Q

Which type of solution will make the cell shrink ?

A

Hypertonic solution

75
Q

Characteristics of Carrier mediated transport? (3)

A
  1. Stereospecificity
  2. Saturation
  3. Competition
76
Q

Which bind adhesion proteins to the cytoskeleton within cardiac myocytes , thus connecting the cells?

A

Desmosomes inside intercalated discs

77
Q

Preprohormone is created in the _____________.

A

Ribosomes

78
Q

3 characteristics of carrier -mediated transport?

A

SSC
1. Stereospecificity
2. Saturation
3. Competition

79
Q

Pulling apart of 2 chromatids of each chromosome at centromere?

A

Anaphase

80
Q

Myosin associated bands.

A

A band & H band

81
Q

Contractile units of myocardial cells?

A

Sarcomere

82
Q

Muscle fiber involved in muscle endurance?

A

Type I muscle fiber , Extrafusal

83
Q

Competes with Ach for receptors on the motor end plate?

A

Curare

84
Q

Examples of Tyramine rich foods? (8)

A
  1. Strong / aged cheese
  2. Curated meats/ Smoked meats / Processed meats
  3. Pickled / Fermented foods like kimchi
  4. Sauces ( Soy sauce, shrimp paste etc.)
  5. Soybeans , Fava beans
  6. Dried fruits
  7. Alcohol
  8. Spoiled food
85
Q

Muscle with greatest number of mitochondria?

A

Cardiac muscle

86
Q

Increases size (girth) of skeletal muscles?

A

Exercise

87
Q

Precursor of Eicosanoids?

A

Arachidonic acid

88
Q

Functions of muscles? (11)

A
  1. Mobility
  2. Stability
  3. Posture
  4. Circulation
  5. Respiration
  6. Digestion
  7. Urination
  8. Childbirth
  9. Vision
  10. Organ protection
  11. Temperature regulation
89
Q

How many percent of body heat comes from muscle contraction?

A

85%

90
Q

Cytokine involved in cancer and septic shock?

A

TNF aka Cachectin

91
Q

Blocking the H+ secretion of the gastric parietal cell mean that you will block this type of transport?

A

H+ / K- ATPase exchange pump - Primary Active Transport

92
Q

1 motor neuron + All muscle fiber it innervates?

A

Motor unit

93
Q

Controls and regulates cellular activities?

A

Nucleus

94
Q

Action potential is inevitable at this membrane potential?

A

Threshold

95
Q

Binds Myosin to Z lines , Binds Z lines to M line, determines normal stiffness of the ventricular muscle.

A

Titin - largest protein in the body

96
Q

Stabilizes sarcolemma and prevents contraction - induced rupture?

A

Dystrophin

97
Q

Basis for rigor mortis?

A

Lack ATP prevents unbinding of myosin heads from actin binding sites

Physiology (11 decks)

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