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T3 - Neuro > Neurophysio 2 > Flashcards

Neurophysio 2 Flashcards

1
Q

___ often act on neurons

A

toxins

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2
Q

toxins can either be ___ or ____ to different in channels

A

agonist

antagonists

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3
Q

tetrodotoxin blocks ____ gated ____ channels

A

Na+

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4
Q

TTX blocks ___ ___

A

action potentials

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5
Q

TTX causes ____ or ____

A

death

paralysis

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6
Q

Botulinum toxin blocks ___ ___ at the neuromuscular junction

A

vesicle fusion

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7
Q

Botulinum blocks the muscles from ____ reducing wrinkles

A

contracting

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8
Q

Apamin is a toxin in ___ venom

A

bee

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9
Q

Apamin blocks a certain type of ___ channel

A

K+

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10
Q

Curare is in south american plants and used to make ___ tipped darts and arrows

A

poison

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11
Q

Curare blocks ___ receptors leading to ___ ___

A

nicotinic

muscle weakness

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12
Q

apamin keeps the __ channels from opening leading to no ____

A

K+

repolarization

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13
Q

graded responses are ___

A

electrotonic

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14
Q

2 types of graded responses

A

EPSP

IPSP

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15
Q

EPSPs are mediated by ___ influx

A

Na+

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16
Q

IPSPs are mediated by ___ influx

A

Cl-

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17
Q

specific neurotransmitters to specific neurons?

A

lock and key receptor specificity

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18
Q

ligand mediated receptors:

ionotropic binding?

A

ligand binds
channels open
ions flow in/out

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19
Q

ionotropic binding is ____

A

fast

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20
Q

metabotropic binding

A

bind to neurotransmitter and doesnt open
G protein activated by neurotransmitter
talks to nucleus

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21
Q

metabotropic is ___

A

slow

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22
Q

___ is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

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23
Q

3 ionotropic glutamate NTs

A

AMPA
Kainate
NMDA

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24
Q

AMPA causes a ___ influx

A

Na+

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25
Q

NMDA requires ___, some Mg2+ and then ___ and ___ influx in addition to glutamate binding

A

depolarization
Na+
Ca2+

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26
Q

metabotropic glutamate NT

A

MGLURs

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27
Q

glutamate can be ____

A

excitoxic

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28
Q

exitoxic

A

neuron explodes on itself

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29
Q

___ is the most prevalent inhibitory NT

A

GABA

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30
Q

ionotropic GABA NT

A

GABA A

31
Q

GABA A causes an influx of ___

A

Cl-

32
Q

GABA A - benzos are ____

A

agonists

33
Q

2 metabotropic GABA NT

A

GABA B

GIRK

34
Q

GABA B are ___ and ___ messengers

A

GPCR

2nd

35
Q

GIRK channels trigger ____ releasing ____

A

IPSPs

K+

36
Q

____ found all through the body, especially active in the spinal cord

A

glycine

37
Q

___ can change GABA to Glutamate or vis versa and send back to neuron

A

Astrocyte

38
Q

____ is a biogenic amine

A

ACh

39
Q

all motoneurons on skeletal muscles use ____

A

ACh

40
Q

ACh come from ___ ____ and ___

A

acetyl CoA

choline

41
Q

ACh uses the enzyme ____

A

CHAT

42
Q

ACh is degraded by ___ ___

A

acetyl cholinesterase

43
Q

ionotropic receptor for ACh

A

nicotinic

44
Q

metabotropic receptor for ACh

A

muscarinic

45
Q

more nicotinic ACh receptors in ____ and more muscarinic receptors in ____

A

PNS

CNS

46
Q

cholinergic signaling is usually ___ and _____ in the heart

A

excitatory

inhibitory

47
Q

cholinergic signaling is predominent in ___ ___ and _____ autonomic NS

A

neuromuscular junction

PS

48
Q

pre gg SP and PS have _____
post gg PS have ___
post gg SP have ___

A

acetylcholine
acetylcholine
NE

49
Q

____ _____: autoimmune; antibodies against nicotinic receptors; production of ACh is normal; progressively wekaing with repeated muscle contractions

A

myasthenia gravis

50
Q

2 catecholamines

A

dopamine

norepinephrine

51
Q

dopamine
D1 is ____
D2 is ____
both have ____ receptors

A

excitatory
inhibitory
muscarinic

52
Q

dopamine comes from 2 major areas

A

substantia nigra

ventral tegmental area

53
Q

if you have a problem with dopamine in the substantia nigra…..

A

parkinsons

54
Q

if you have a problem with dopamine in the ventral tegmental area…

A

schizophrenia and addiction

55
Q

NE is produced in the ___ ____ in the pons

A

locus ceruleus

56
Q

NE is all about ___ ___ and ____

A

arousal alertness

attention

57
Q

NE is the PNS ____ NT

A

SP

58
Q

NE has 2 ___ and 2 ____ receptor subtypes

A

alpha

beta

59
Q

NE receptors are ___

A

muscarinic

60
Q

dopamine and NE are both recycled through similar transporters and hydrolyzed by ___

A

MAO

61
Q

____ breaks down dopamine in the synaptic cleft

A

COMT

62
Q

Serotonin is related to ___ and made in the ___ ___ in the brainstem (midbrain)

A

depression

raphe nuclei

63
Q

recycling and degredation of serotinin by ____

A

MAOIs

64
Q

histamine is predominently made by ____, in the ___ ___

A

hypothalamus

tuberomamillary nucleus

65
Q

histamine is related to being ____

A

conscious

66
Q

neuropeptides are ____ with other NTs

A

co-released

67
Q

neuropeptides are packed in the ____ ___ and ____

A

golgi complex and cleaved

68
Q

neuropeptides require higher frequency ___ ____

A

action potential

69
Q

5 examples of neuropeptides

A 
Substance P
VIP
CCK
ADH
Endorphins
70
Q

adenosine is coreleased with ___ and tends to be more ____

A

glutamate

sedative

71
Q

adenosine is the antagonist to ____ and its receptors are ___

A

caffeine

GPCRs

72
Q

endocannabinoids are drugs taht changes ___

A

psychoactivity

aka marijuana?

73
Q

nitric acid is a ____ NT

A

gaseous

74
Q

which neurotransmitters are recycled for rapid re-uptake by glia?

A

GABA

glutamate

T3 - Neuro (5 decks)

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