Neurophysio 2

Question 1

___ often act on neurons

Answer 1

toxins

Question 2

toxins can either be ___ or ____ to different in channels

Answer 2

agonist

antagonists

Question 3

tetrodotoxin blocks ____ gated ____ channels

Answer 3

Na+

Question 4

TTX blocks ___ ___

Answer 4

action potentials

Question 5

TTX causes ____ or ____

Answer 5

death

paralysis

Question 6

Botulinum toxin blocks ___ ___ at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 6

vesicle fusion

Question 7

Botulinum blocks the muscles from ____ reducing wrinkles

Answer 7

contracting

Question 8

Apamin is a toxin in ___ venom

Answer 8

bee

Question 9

Apamin blocks a certain type of ___ channel

Answer 9

K+

Question 10

Curare is in south american plants and used to make ___ tipped darts and arrows

Answer 10

poison

Question 11

Curare blocks ___ receptors leading to ___ ___

Answer 11

nicotinic

muscle weakness

Question 12

apamin keeps the __ channels from opening leading to no ____

Answer 12

K+

repolarization

Question 13

graded responses are ___

Answer 13

electrotonic

Question 14

2 types of graded responses

Answer 14

EPSP

IPSP

Question 15

EPSPs are mediated by ___ influx

Answer 15

Na+

Question 16

IPSPs are mediated by ___ influx

Answer 16

Cl-

Question 17

specific neurotransmitters to specific neurons?

Answer 17

lock and key receptor specificity

Question 18

ligand mediated receptors:

ionotropic binding?

Answer 18

ligand binds
channels open
ions flow in/out

Question 19

ionotropic binding is ____

Answer 19

fast

Question 20

metabotropic binding

Answer 20

bind to neurotransmitter and doesnt open
G protein activated by neurotransmitter
talks to nucleus

Question 21

metabotropic is ___

Answer 21

slow

Question 22

___ is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 22

glutamate

Question 23

3 ionotropic glutamate NTs

Answer 23

AMPA
Kainate
NMDA

Question 24

AMPA causes a ___ influx

Answer 24

Na+

Question 25

NMDA requires ___, some Mg2+ and then ___ and ___ influx in addition to glutamate binding

Answer 25

depolarization Na+ Ca2+

Question 26

metabotropic glutamate NT

Answer 26

MGLURs

Question 27

glutamate can be ____

Answer 27

excitoxic

Question 28

exitoxic

Answer 28

neuron explodes on itself

Question 29

___ is the most prevalent inhibitory NT

Answer 29

GABA

Question 30

ionotropic GABA NT

Answer 30

GABA A

Question 31

GABA A causes an influx of ___

Answer 31

Cl-

Question 32

GABA A - benzos are ____

Answer 32

agonists

Question 33

2 metabotropic GABA NT

Answer 33

GABA B | GIRK

Question 34

GABA B are ___ and ___ messengers

Answer 34

GPCR | 2nd

Question 35

GIRK channels trigger ____ releasing ____

Answer 35

IPSPs | K+

Question 36

____ found all through the body, especially active in the spinal cord

Answer 36

glycine

Question 37

___ can change GABA to Glutamate or vis versa and send back to neuron

Answer 37

Astrocyte

Question 38

____ is a biogenic amine

Answer 38

ACh

Question 39

all motoneurons on skeletal muscles use ____

Answer 39

ACh

Question 40

ACh come from ___ ____ and ___

Answer 40

acetyl CoA | choline

Question 41

ACh uses the enzyme ____

Answer 41

CHAT

Question 42

ACh is degraded by ___ ___

Answer 42

acetyl cholinesterase

Question 43

ionotropic receptor for ACh

Answer 43

nicotinic

Question 44

metabotropic receptor for ACh

Answer 44

muscarinic

Question 45

more nicotinic ACh receptors in ____ and more muscarinic receptors in ____

Answer 45

PNS | CNS

Question 46

cholinergic signaling is usually ___ and _____ in the heart

Answer 46

excitatory | inhibitory

Question 47

cholinergic signaling is predominent in ___ ___ and _____ autonomic NS

Answer 47

neuromuscular junction | PS

Question 48

pre gg SP and PS have _____ post gg PS have ___ post gg SP have ___

Answer 48

acetylcholine acetylcholine NE

Question 49

____ _____: autoimmune; antibodies against nicotinic receptors; production of ACh is normal; progressively wekaing with repeated muscle contractions

Answer 49

myasthenia gravis

Question 50

2 catecholamines

Answer 50

dopamine | norepinephrine

Question 51

dopamine D1 is ____ D2 is ____ both have ____ receptors

Answer 51

excitatory inhibitory muscarinic

Question 52

dopamine comes from 2 major areas

Answer 52

substantia nigra | ventral tegmental area

Question 53

if you have a problem with dopamine in the substantia nigra.....

Answer 53

parkinsons

Question 54

if you have a problem with dopamine in the ventral tegmental area...

Answer 54

schizophrenia and addiction

Question 55

NE is produced in the ___ ____ in the pons

Answer 55

locus ceruleus

Question 56

NE is all about ___ ___ and ____

Answer 56

arousal alertness | attention

Question 57

NE is the PNS ____ NT

Answer 57

SP

Question 58

NE has 2 ___ and 2 ____ receptor subtypes

Answer 58

alpha | beta

Question 59

NE receptors are ___

Answer 59

muscarinic

Question 60

dopamine and NE are both recycled through similar transporters and hydrolyzed by ___

Answer 60

MAO

Question 61

____ breaks down dopamine in the synaptic cleft

Answer 61

COMT

Question 62

Serotonin is related to ___ and made in the ___ ___ in the brainstem (midbrain)

Answer 62

depression | raphe nuclei

Question 63

recycling and degredation of serotinin by ____

Answer 63

MAOIs

Question 64

histamine is predominently made by ____, in the ___ ___

Answer 64

hypothalamus | tuberomamillary nucleus

Question 65

histamine is related to being ____

Answer 65

conscious

Question 66

neuropeptides are ____ with other NTs

Answer 66

co-released

Question 67

neuropeptides are packed in the ____ ___ and ____

Answer 67

golgi complex and cleaved

Question 68

neuropeptides require higher frequency ___ ____

Answer 68

action potential

Question 69

5 examples of neuropeptides

Answer 69

``` Substance P VIP CCK ADH Endorphins ```

Question 70

adenosine is coreleased with ___ and tends to be more ____

Answer 70

glutamate | sedative

Question 71

adenosine is the antagonist to ____ and its receptors are ___

Answer 71

caffeine | GPCRs

Question 72

endocannabinoids are drugs taht changes ___

Answer 72

psychoactivity aka marijuana?

Question 73

nitric acid is a ____ NT

Answer 73

gaseous

Question 74

which neurotransmitters are recycled for rapid re-uptake by glia?

Answer 74

GABA | glutamate