intro to neuro Flashcards
3 functions of the nervous system
- takes ___ sensory info with sensory neurons
- ____ the info with interneurons
- tells muscles and glands to ___ accordingly with motor neurons
takes in
integrates
responds
sensory receptor ___ energy into electrochemical signal
transduces
sensory arm enters through ____ nervous system
peripheral
the sensory arm travels to either/both ___ ___ and ___
spinal cord
brain
___ cranial nerves
___ spinal nerves
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peripheral nervous system has 2 parts
somatic
autonomic
somatic nervous system involves ___ muscle
skeletal
somatic nervous system is ____ and effects the muscles that you usually have ____ over
voluntary
control
autonomic nervous system involves the ___ muscle
smooth
autonomic nervous system is ____
involuntary
somaic motor neuron has a ___ axon
long
autonomic motor neuron has a relay at the ____
ganglion
parasympathetic
- pupils ____
- ___ flow of saliva
- ____ heartbeat
constrict
stimulates
slows
parasympathetic
- ___ peristalsis and secretion
- ___ release of bile
- ____ bladder
- _____ bronchi
stimulates
stimulates
contracts
constricts
sympathetic
- ___ pupil
___ flow of saliva
- ___ heartbeat
dilates
inhibits
accelerates
sympathetic
- ____ bronchi
- ____ peristalsis and secretion
- conversion of glycogen to glucose
dilates
inhibits
sympathetic
- secretion of ___ and ___
- ___ bladder contraction
adrenaline and noradrenaline
inhibits
anterior part of the brain is known as ____
rostral
posterior part of the brian is known as ___
caudal
2 major nervous cells
neurons
glia
____: increase surface area and have many branches from the soma
dendrites
____: neuromal center; perikaryon; cell body; contains the cytoplasm and nucleus
soma
____: transcription; replication; DNA repair happens here
nucleus
____ _____ ____: where ions can flow
nodes of ranvier
___ ___: ideal for propagation; fat; made by oligodendrocytes or schwann cells
myeline sheath
in the peripheral nervous system the myelin sheath by ___ cells
schwann
in the central nervous system the myeline sheath by ____
oligodendrocytes
___ ___: end of axon; has branches; where axon interacts with other cells; aka axon bouton
axon terminal
____: no dendrites; lack branches
unipolar neurons
____: 1 major dendrite; 1 major axon
bipolar
____: lot of primary dendrites; most neurons
multipolar
____: dorsal root neurons; no dendrites; axon bifurcates - 1 goes to the periphery and 1 to CNS
pseudounipolar
3 types of glial cells
oligodendrocyte
astrocyte
microglial
microglial cell are derived from ___ from monocytes
macrophages
4 functions of astrocytes
- ___ delivery
- ___ ____ barrier
- ____ response
- ____ release
- ____ recycling
glucose blood brain inflammatory ATP glutamate
1 function of oligodendrocytes
myelinate axons in the CNS
2 functions of microglia
- major ___ response
- ____
major immune response
phagocytosis
2 functions of ependymal cells
help produce and move cerebrospinal fluid through the brain
the synapse is a ____, not just a space
connection
___ site is where the vesicles of neurotransmitters are docked
active
_____ ___ extracellular space between 2 cells
synaptic cleft
___ vesicles holds the neurotransmitter
synaptic
____ process holds the synapse together
astrocyte
____ ____ - cell bodies and dendrites, unmyelinated axons (CNS)
gray matter
____ ___ - myelinated axons (CNS)
white matter
___ - cell bodies clustered together in the CNS; collection of gray matter (has a lot of cell bodies and dendrites)
nuclei
____ - axons clustered together in the CNS
tracts
___ - cell bodies, usually in the PNS
ganglion
___ - collection of ganglion
plexus
___ - axons clustered in the PNS
nerves
Nissl Body - ___ are cell bodies = gray matter
ribosome
gray matter stains ___
purple
white matter stains ____
black
neurons are _____
CELLS
neurons have ___ needs
metabolic
4 unique components of neurons
myelin sheaths
vesicles
axons
neurons ____ continually divide
DONT
lysosomes = ____ bags
suicide
NIssl Body = ____
ribosome
neurofilaments and microtubules contribute to the the neurons ____
structure
golgi complex packages and secretes ____
vesicles
____ triggers vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
calcium
___ ___ ____ channels in the axon terminal mediate vesicle binding and release of neurotransmitter
voltage gated calcium
vesicles are tied to the active zones by docking proteins, including ____ and ____
actin
synaptophysin
___ helps to withdraw vesicle components back from synaptic cleft
clathrin
slow axonal transport is from ____ including ____
proteins
neuropeptides
fast anterograde axonal transport is for ___
kinesin
fast retrograde axonal transport is for ___
dynein
kinesin walks along the microtubule going from ____ to ____ ___
nucleus
axon terminal
dynein doesnt need microtubules and goes from ___ ___ to ___
axon terminal
nucleus
___ axonal transport is also used for synthesis of some neurotransmitters and vesicles
anterograde
___ axonal transport is also used for recycling of released materials and growth factors
retrograde
___ help nerve growth, migration, patterning through retrograde transport
neurotrophins
the soups believed that neurons used “____” signals
chemical
the sparks believed that neurons used “____” signals
electrical
a substance released in the ____ fluid is the basis of signaling
extracellular
___ ____ is the standard explanation for how neurons communicate
chemical transmission
___ ___: a direct, open connection between 1 neurons and another
electrical synapses
electrical synapses: 1 neurons changes voltage, since its a connected system, the connected neuron ___ ___
changes voltage
cells are connected via ___ ___
gap junctions
the glue between cells are channel pores called ___
connexins
