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Neuropathology Martin Flashcards

1
Q

Describe an acute red neuron.

A
  • Earliest indicator of acute insult
  • Cell body shrinks, pyknosis, loss of neucleolus and missl substance
  • intense eosiniphilia
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2
Q

Describe subacute and chronic neuronal injury.

A
  • Degeneration that occurs with progressive disease
  • best indicator of neuronal injury
  • cell loss and reactive gliosis -→ apoptosis
  • abnormal protein accumulation
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3
Q

What is an axonal reaction?

A
  • It is increased protein synthesis associated with axonal sprouting characterized by:
    • Enlarged rounded cell bodies
    • peripheral displacement of neucleus
    • enlarged nucleolus
    • Nissl is found in periphery and not central → central chromatolysis
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4
Q

What inclusions are seen with Rabies, alzheimers, parkinsons, and CJD

A
  • Intracytoplasmic inclusions
  • Rabies: Negri bodies
  • Alzheimer: Neurofibrillary tangles
  • Parkinson: Lewy bodies
  • CJD:vacuolization of perikaryon and neuronal processes
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5
Q

Inclusions seen in herpes and CMV

A
  • Intranuclear inclusions
  • Herpes: Cowdry body
  • CMV: intranuclear and cytoplasmic owl’s eye
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6
Q

What is Gliosis?

A
  • MOST important histopathologic indicatory of CNS injury
  • characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes
    • astrocytes are metaboic buffers, detoxifiers and contribute to BBB
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7
Q

What are Gemistocytes?

A
  • nuclei are enlarged and cell becomes vesicular and develops prominent nucleoli
  • Cytoplasm expands and becomes bright pink and nucleus moves eccentrically
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8
Q

What are Alzheimer type 2 astrocytes?

A
  • Found in gray matter
  • Large nucleus
  • pale staining central chromatin
  • Intranuclear glycogen droplet and prominent nuclear membrane and nucleolus
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9
Q

What diseases can alzheimer type 2 astrocyte be seen in?

A
  • Hyperammononemia (chronic liver dz)
  • Wilson Dz
  • Hereditary mobolic DO of urea cycle
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10
Q

What are Rosenthal fibers?

A
  • thick elongated eosinoiphilic irregular structures within an astrocytic process
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11
Q

What heat shock proteins are found in rosenthal fibers?

A
  • Alpha B- crystaline and HSP27 and Ubiquitin
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12
Q

When do you see rosenthal fibers?

A
  • Longstanding gliosis, which can be seen with a Pilocytic astrocytoma (bengin and slow growing tumor)
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13
Q

what is alexander dz?

A
  • leukodystrophy
  • periventricular perivascular and subpial rosenthal fibers are seen
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14
Q

What is Corpora amylacea? (how do they stain, what do they look like, and what makes them up)

A
  • polyglucosan bodies which stain PAS+
  • round faitly basophilic concentrically laminated strictures adjacent to astrocytic end processes
  • Glycosaminoglycan polymers, HSP and Ubiquitinn
    • increase with age and represent degenerative change
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15
Q

How do Microglia respond to injury?

A
  • Proliferate
  • Develop elongated nuclei (seen in neurosyphilis)
  • Microglial nodules
  • Neuronophagia
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16
Q

Surface markers of Microglia?

A

CR3 and CD68 same as peripheral macropahges

17
Q

What is vasogenic edema?

A
  • Increase in extracellular fluid due to BBB distruption and increased vascular permeability
    • fluid shifts from intravascular compartement to intercelluar space
    • follows ischemic injury
18
Q

What is cytotoxic edema?

A
  • Intracelluar fluid increases secondary to neuronal glial or endothelial cell membrane injury
    • Generalized hypoxic/ischemic insult or metabolic derangement
      • often see both vasogenic and cytoxic edema in practive
19
Q

What can fcause hydrocephalus?

A
  • obstructions
    • intraventricular formamina
    • congenital
    • tumors/hemorrhage/infections
  • more rarely increased production of CSF from choroid plexus papilloma
  • decreased absorption due to outflow obstruction
20
Q

pyogenic meningitis is a thick layer of suppurative exudate covering the brainstem and cerebellum. What two diseases have prediliction for base of brain?

A

TB and Neurosyphilis

21
Q

Causes of Congenital hydrocephalus?

A
  • Intrauterine TORCH infection
  • Agenesis/Atresia/Stenosis
  • AV Malfomation
  • Arnold Chiari Malformation
  • Dandy Walker syndrome
  • Cranial defects
22
Q

How do you acquire hydrocephalus?

A
  • Infections
  • Mass lesions (in kids think meduloblastoma)
  • InflammationPost hemorrhage
  • Choroid plexus papilloma/carcinoma
  • Sagittal sinus thrombosis
  • Hypervitaminosis A
  • Idiopathic
23
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A
  • hydrocephalus that occurs when CSF is not absorbed properly at dural sinus levels and they tend to be symmetrically dilated

NMSP (6 decks)

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