Eye pathology

Question 1

What is the most common cause of unilateral or bilateral exopthalmos?

Answer 1

Graves disease

Question 2

describe psuedotumor?

Answer 2

Few eosinophils and orbital fat is replaced by fibrosis, there is also chronic inflammation cells

Question 3

Which of the two, Pinguecula or Pterygium, does not have visual impairment?

Answer 3

Pinguecula

Question 4

What small yellow grey nodule at the limbus can contain sun induced SCC or Melanoma when biopsied?

Answer 4

Pinguecula

Question 5

What mutations are common in conjunctival melanoma?

Answer 5

BRAF V600 in 40%
~25% are fatal

Question 6

Why are corneal transplants difficult and what is the pro of this?

Answer 6

• lacks blood vessels and lymphatics so healing is rough
• however, it contributes to opacity and lack of rejection

Question 7

What is a hypopyon>

Answer 7

exudate and cells leaking from iris and ciliary body vessels into anterior chamber

Question 8

What is Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis?

Answer 8

• usually in immunosuppressed patients
• amoebae enters body through open wound and travels to brain
  
  • immune response and secreted proteases cause massive brain swelling resulting in death 95% of time

Question 9

What is exfoliation syndrome?

Answer 9

• Debris coming off of lens occluding flow of fluid
• It is exfoliating material but it is called infoliating since it cannot leave
• Target/bull’s eye, appearance of exfoliated material on lens showing separation of central and peripheral zones

Question 10

What is Open angle glaucoma?

Answer 10

• complete open access to trabecular meshwork
• increased resistance to outflow leading to increased intraocular pressure

Question 11

What is Angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 11

• periphieral zone of iris adheres to trabecular meshwork and physically impededs outlow

Question 12

What is the most common form of glaucoma?

Answer 12

Primary open angle

Question 13

what is an example of primary angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 13

• Pupillary block/ Iris bombe
• results in iincreased intraocular pressure which damages lens epithielijm and creates opacities and corneal edema and bullous keratopathy

Question 14

Secondary angle closure glaucoma examples?

Answer 14

• pathologic membranes form over the iris resulting in an occlusion
• Chronic retina ischemia due to increased VEGF, neovascular glaucoma, tumors in ciliary body

Question 15

Anterior synechiae?

Answer 15

• Adhesions between iris and trabecular meshwork leading to intraocular pressure leading to nerve damage

Question 16

What is an anterior subcapsular cataract?

Answer 16

• decreased aqueous humor leading to fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelium

Question 17

Posterior synechiae?

Answer 17

adhesions btw iris and anterior surface of lens

Question 18

Melanomas exxclusively in iris tend to follow a relatively ___ course, whereas malanomas of ___ and ___ are more aggressive.

Answer 18

Melanomas exxclusively in iris tend to follow a relatively indolent course, whereas melanomas of choroid and ciliary body are more aggressive.

Question 19

What is the difference between enucleating the eye and radiation with treatment of melanoma?

Answer 19

NO difference in survivability

Question 20

What results in thickened arteriolar walls that appeared narrowed, and has blood which color can vary depending on degree of vascular wall thickness?

Answer 20

Retinal arteriolosclerosis

Question 21

Retinal arterioles and veins are in the same sheath and the arteriole may compress the vein where they cross which results in….?

Answer 21

Venous stasis distal to the arteriolar venous crossing

Question 22

Complications of diabetic retinopathy? (4)

Answer 22

• hemorrhage from neovascularization
• posterior vitreous detachment
• retinal detachment
• neovascular glaucoma

Question 23

What is trilateral retinoblastoma?

Answer 23

Associated with pinealoblastoma and has a poor prognosis

Question 24

What is a fleurette?

Answer 24

Curvilinear clusters of cells composed of rod and cone inner segments often attached to abortive outer segments

Question 25

What is psuedohypopyon?

Answer 25

balls of tumor cells in the anterior chamber

Question 26

What is Buphthalmos?

Answer 26

Increased intraocular pressure in infants resulting in diffuse enlargement of eye

Question 27

Megalocornea?

Answer 27

Enlargement of cornea