Neuropathology Flashcards
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
- Somatic
2. Visceral
Pathology of the ____ may lead to paresis or paralysis of a muscle or muscle group, and may be limited and show limited limb involvement.
PNS
Spasticity, + babinski, brisk reflexes and unilateral or bilateral involvement are all possible signs of ____ pathology.
CNS
PNS sensory signs are restricted to a _______.
dermatome
CNS sensory signs are complex and involve multiple _________, with a definite sensory level associated with a ______ level.
dermatomes; spinal
____ pathology may lead to autonomic dysfunction.
CNS
How is nerve conduction velocity effected in lower motor neuron damage? upper motor neuron damage?
less to absent; same
A lot of neurons can be lost before weakness is noted (T/F)/
TRUE
Smaller neuronal cross sectional area due to aging may be _______ in origin; atherosclerosis leads to poorer blood supply.
vascular
With aging, ________ control of dermal vasculature declines which leads to poor wound healing.
sympathetic
Slowed nerve conduction velocity and smaller action potentials lead to what 3 things?
- Decreased strength
- Sensory changes
- Overall slower function
Peripheral nerve regeneration occurs at a rate of __-__ mm/day.
1-5
What is the pathology behind charcot-marie-tooth disease?
extensive demyelination
The pattern of hammer toes, peripheral atrophy, per cavus and weakness in DF is indicative of?
Charcot-marie-tooth disease
There is no treatment to alter disease course of charcot-marie-tooth disease (T/F).
TRUE
_____ _____ _____ is the most common entrapment syndrome in the US/Canada.
carpal tunnel syndrome
_____ ______ ______ = compression induced schema and segmental demyelination of the median nerve.
carpal tunnel syndrome
CTS displays with nocturnal pain (T/F).
TRUE
How is CTS confirmed?
nerve conduction velocity testing
What is the cause of bell’s palsy?
latent herpes virus which becomes reactivated
What two populations are are higher risk of CTS?
pregnant women and diabetics
_____ _____ = unilateral facial paralysis.
bell’s palsy
What does the facial nerve innervate?
- Muscles of facial expression
- Stapedius muscle of inner ear
- Sensory and autonomic fibres for taste, tears and salivation
What is the medical management of bell’s palsy?
- Corticosteroid treatment
2. Protect eye
______ _____ _____ = entrapment syndrome caused by pressure on the thoracic outlet on brachial plexus at the inferior border of the axilla.
thoracic outlet syndrome
When may vascular changes occurs in TOS?
if subclavian artery is entrapped
TOS causes neuropraxia and _______ ______ (anterograde or distal to the lesion).
wallerian degeneration
Are women or men more prone to TOS?
women
Where might pain from TOS radiate?
neck –> face, scapula, and anterior chest
_______ syndrome might accompany TOS bc of vascular complications.
reynauds
Diabetic neuropathy is a metabolic neuropathy that effects nerves and _______ cells.
schwann
In diabetic neuropathy, ________ leads to abnormal microcirculation.
hyperglycemia
There is a clear relationship between insulin levels and diabetic neuropathy (T/F)
FALSE
In diabetic neuropathy, nerve _____ ______ is reduced.
growth factor
_________ neuropathy seen in poorly controlled diabetes, which results in distal symmetric sensory changes; paresthesia, burning sensation
hyperglycaemic
Clinical manifestations of diabetic neuropathy included _____ ________ polyneuropathy.
generalized symmetric
Diabetic neuropathy displays with _________ paresthesia.
painless
There is _________ motor weakness in diabetic neuropathy.
minimal
Diabetic neuropathy might also display with _______ neuropathies like mononeuropathies in limbs or cranial nerves,
focal
What is the most common cause of motor paresis and paralysis?
Guillian barre syndrome
When is maximal weakness reached in guillian barre syndrome?
2-3 weeks
How long does recovery from Guillian Barre syndrome take?
months
GBS is an ______ disorder.
immune
Is GBS more common in men or women?
men
_______ = lesions throughout PNS from spinal nerves to terminating fibres.
GBS
GBS = __________ mediated demyelination
antibody
In GBS, the ________ in the schwann cells are attacked by circulating antibodies.
myelin
In GBS there is a rapidly ascending ______ weakness and distal ________ loss.
motor; sensory
In GBS, will deep tendon reflexes be present?
No
CSF in people with GBS will show elevated levels of _____.
albumin
What does early and later PT involvement in GBS look like?
Early: preserve muscle and ROM
Later: strengthen
_____ ______ ______ ______ = abnormal respones in peripheral nerves.
complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
How many levels of CRPS are there?
2
CRPS ___ = pain syndrome after trauma
I
CRPS __ = pain syndrome when trauma involved a major nerve.
II
______ may present as a smooth, hot, swollen joint.
CRPS
_______ is caused by reactivation of the Varicellazoster virus years after initial infection.
shingles
________ affects a single cranial nerve or dermatome.
shingles
Can shingles affect motor nerves?
yes, occasionally; will cause LMN signs
