Motor control Flashcards
What are 5 motor control disorders?
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington’s chorea
- Essential tremor
- Hemiballism
- Tardive dyskinesia
Parkinson’s pathology suggests _____, ___ and ____ causes.
genetic, viral and toxic
_____ of focal ______ can also cause PD like symptoms.
injury; ischemia
What neurotoxic chemical is toxic in PD?
MPTP
Bradykinesia, mask face and micrographia are part of the characteristic appearance of ____.
PD
Parkinsonian _____ is often the first symptom to appear and occurs in ____% of pt’s.
70
Parkinsonian tremor begins as an alternating flexion/extention contractions of the hand at __-__ Hz, and with disease progression speed increases to __-___ Hz.
3-4; 7-12
What are the 4 main symptoms of PD?
- Resting tremor
- Rigidity
- Bradykinesia
- Postural instability
What is cogwheel rigidity?
passive movement in PD may be interrupted by brief muscular jerks
______ = difficulty initiating,g continuing, synchronizing movements interspersed with freezing
bradykinesia
______ = decreased frequency of movements, absence of associated movements
hypokinesia
_______ = most prevalent and crippling symptom, often overlooked
akinesia
Akinesia can affect all ______ muscles.
striated
Is akinesia and rigidity the same thing?
NO
What are three factors of postural abnormalities in PD?
- Postural fixation
- Equilibrium
- Difficulty righting
_______ abnormalities = neuroendocrine abnormalities, constipation, urinary retention
autonomic
Depression in PD may be helped with what type of therapy?
electroconvulsive shock therapy
Cognitive symptoms ______ and progressively _______ with length of disease.
fluctuate; worsen
Onset of PD occurs around ___ - ___ years of age.
50-60
The course of the PD is __-___ years.
15-20
PD may reduce life expectancy.
Not true, because onset is late
In ___, there is a high degree of variation between individuals and types.
PD
______ is a common co-morbidity in PD.
dementia
______ is the leading COD in PD.
pneumonia
Dx of PD is based on presentation of __ of 4 cardinal signs.
2
One of which 2 cardinal signs of PD must be present in order to make PD Dx?
- resting tremor
2. bradykinesia
What is the drug therapy for PD?
L-dopa
_____ _____ ______ prevent secondary complications and maintain mobility in PD.
Deep brain stimulators
___ ____ = progressive, hereditary disorder characterized by abnormal movement, personality disorders and dementia
huntingtons disease
HD is most often associated with _________ movement that is purposeless, involuntary, brief and random.
choreaform
Do chloroform movements have a repeating pattern?
no
HD shows atrophy of _____ and _____ on MRI after early diagnostic stage.
caudate; putamen
HD tends to progress to be more like PD with increased ________ in end stages.
rigidity
HD is ________ dominant, with a ___% chance of inheriting the disease if 1 parent is affected.
autosomal; 50
Onset of HD is ___-___ years, but __% show onset after 50 years.
15-40; 25
How long is life expectancy in HD after diagnosis?
15-20 years
What are the 4 factors in HD general management?
- symptoms management
- antipsychotic drugs of limited help
- pt safety
- nutrition
PD = _____ inhibition of the thalamus by the BG via a fault of the _____ motor loop
increased; direct
HD = ______ inhibition of the thalamus by the BC via a faulty of the _________ motor loop
decreased; indirect
________ tremor = common neurological disorder usually seen as shaking of hand evoked by voluntary movements
essential
Are there other neurologic signs in individuals with essential tremor?
no
Essential tremors can range form mild to debilitating (T/F).
TRUE
_____ _____ = most frequently seen movement disorder
essential tremor
When is the most common onset of essential tremor?
middle age
Essential tremor thought to be genetic in __%
50
Essential tremor usually seen in people ___+
50
Essential tremor is associated with increased activity in the _________.
thalamus
What are two treatment options for people with essential tremors?
- medication
2. surgery
_________ = lesion in the subthalamus
hemiballism
What are 3 possible causes of hemiballism?
- vascular
- infection
- direct injury
How long usually does it take hemiballism to heal?
6 months - 1 year
Hemiballism is characterized by exhausting, ______ movements.
violent
Rotatory movements seen in hemiballism are usually at _______ joints.
proximal
Hemiballism can be fatal from injury or inched metabolic demand of activity (T/F).
TRUE
________ ________ = motor control disorder secondary to use of neuroleptics for control of psychosis
tardive dyskinesia
TD may occur within hours to months following use of generation ________.
neuroleptics
TD is generally ___________ .
irreversible
_____ _____ = random movements in the tongue, lips or jaw as well as facial grimacing, movement of arms, legs, fingers, toes, or even swaying movements of the trunks or hips which disappear during sleep.
tardive dyskinesia
