Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHTH 521 > Infections and tumors > Flashcards

Infections and tumors Flashcards

1
Q

______ has more protection from infections than most of the body.

A

brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Once past BBB, inflammation and infection are hard to control (T/F).

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____ ____ ____ cannot access brain easily due to the BBB.

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CNS has __/__ of antibodies as compared to blood.

A

1/200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Meningitis is 10X more common in __________ countries.

A

underdeveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacterial ________ meningitis common in infants, people with suppressed immune systems, and college students who live in dorms.

A

meningoccal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___-___% of meningitis case are fatal.

A

10-15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the presentations of meningitis?

A
  1. fever and headache
  2. neck - lumbar - posterior thigh stiffness
  3. Brudzinski’s sign
  4. seizures
  5. vomiting
  6. focal CNS signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_______ sign = flex neck –> hips and knees flex involuntarily

A

Brudzinski’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Meningitis spreads ___ meningeal layers then cortex, leading to thrombosis, infarction, and scars.

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In meningitis, ______ can lead to increase intracranial pressure.

A

edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of meningitis?

A
  1. bacterial

2. viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When do you see viral meningitis? What causes it?

A

late teens and infirm; TB meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_______ = infection of the brain or SC of infection of the brain parenchyma

A

encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the presentation of encephalitis ?

A
  1. headache, nausea, vomiting, agitation, meningeal irritation, stiffness
  2. loss of consciousness
  3. coma which may last weeks
  4. can result in focal brain damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Encephalitis may impact the medial temporal lobes, leading to severe ______.

A

amnesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Encephalitis can be caused by _______.

A

meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ encephalitis = acute viral encephalitis caused by a viral infection.

A

primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_____-_____ viruses often cause primary encephalitis.

A

mosquito-borne (such as west nile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_______ encephalitis = acute disseminated encephalitis and is secondary to another viral infection.

A

secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Herpes simplex encephalitis causes ___% of all cases.

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Encephalitis can deteriorate very fast, within hours (T/F).

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

________ causes a cascade of cell necrosis, loss of plasma membrane, hemorrhagic necrosis, scarring.

A

encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is included in the medical investigation of meningitis and encephalitis?

A
  1. MRI (check cerebral edema)
  2. Identiy viruses/culture bacteria
  3. EEG to manage seizure foci
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is meningitis and encephalitis Dx?
lumbar punctue
26
Do children or adults take longer to recover from meningitis and encephalitis?
children
27
_____-_____ disease = mis-folded protein, infection of motor system
creutzfeldt jakob disease
28
What is the presentation of creutzfeldt jakob disease?
often young adults 16-30, movement disorder/dementia, rapidly progressive after symptoms emerge, and FATAL
29
Pathology of creutzfeldt jakob disease = ________ infection
retrograde
30
How are you infected in creutzfeldt jakob disease ?
1. ingestion | 2. inhaled through nose
31
What is the time course of incubation time?
5-8 years
32
What are 4 PT concerns for brain infection?
1. isolation protocol 2. inter-cranial pressure = big concern 3. possible behavioural change assessment 4. outpatient: monitor changes
33
____-______ may trigger or accelerate neurodegenerative disease.
cross-seeding
34
What medical imaging technique would you want to use in order to determine how fast a tumour is growing?
PET scan
35
Brain tumors are second to _____ in cause of death.
stroke
36
Brain tumors have a ___% survivial rate.
50
37
______-______ tumors significant cause of death in children.
infra-tentorial
38
____-______ tumors often occur in adults.
supra-tentorial
39
What are the two classifications of neoplasms?
1. Intra-cerebral: primary tumours | 2. Intra-cerebral: metastatic
40
What are primary intra-cerebral tumors primarily caused by?
glial cells (glioma)
41
What are interstitial intra-cerebral tumors primarily caused by?
breast, lung, prostrate
42
How does the brain compensate for primary tumors?
1. decrease volume of brain tissue 2. decrease in CSF volume 3. decrease in cerebral blood volume
43
When the brain no longer can compensate for a brain tumor, ______ emerges.
symptoms
44
What are the presentations of brain tumours?
1. headache 2. worse with cough, bend and exercise 3. nausea and vomiting 4. impaired cognition and behaviour changes 5. location specific signs 6. loss of consciousness 7. seizures
45
________ = swelling of the optic disc, where the optic nerve enters the eyeball, usual associated with an increase in intraocular pressure
papilledema
46
Papilledema occurs in ___% of people with brain tumors.
75
47
Stage 0 cancer?
cancer is where is started and hasn't spread
48
Stage I cancer?
cancer is small and hasn't spread anywhere else; can detect symptoms
49
Stage II cancer?
cancer has grown but not spread
50
Stage III cancer?
cancer is larger and may have spread to surrounding tissues and/or lymph nodes
51
Stage IV cancer?
cancer has spread from where it started to at least on other body organ
52
Stage IV cancer is also known as?
secondary or metastatic cancer
53
Grade __ glioma: cancer cels look very similar to normal cells and are growing slowly
I
54
Grade __ glioma: cells don't look like normal cells and are growing more quickly than normal
2
55
Grade ___ glioma: cancer cells look very abnormal and are growing quickly
3
56
What % of tumours are primary gliomas?
50
57
Are gliomas more common in men or women?
men
58
There are multiple known risk factors for gliomas (T/F).
FALSE (none known for sure)
59
What are the two types of primary gliomas?
1. Low grade and benign | 2. Malignant
60
______ _____ and ____ tumors = narrow zones of infiltration that are clearly outlined on diagnostic images
low grade and benign
61
______ = diffuse zones of infiltration that can arise at any location in the CNS, but typical are in the cerebral hemisphere.
malignant
62
Do malignant gliomas occur primarily in adults or children?
adults
63
What are the three types of gliomas classified on where they originate from?
1. astrocytomas 2. oligodendroglioma 3. medulloblastomas
64
Are most oligodendroglioma benign or malignant?
malignant
65
_______ are the most common infratentorial tumor.
medulloblastomas
66
____ _____ almost always reoccur.
anapaestic astrocytoma
67
___ ______ astrocytomas have a 100% survive rate if treated early.
low grade
68
What are the two common sites of anaplastic astrocytoma?
1. frontal lobe | 2. temporal lobe
69
_________ are located in the vermis of the cerebellum, are highly vascular, and spread though the sub arachnoid space.
medulloblastoma
70
______ are common malignant tumors in children.
medulloblastoma
71
Intraspinal tumors are __/__ as frequent as brain tumors.
1/6
72
What are the sings of intraspinal tumors?
Root pain, worse at night when coughing
73
What is the medical management of of brain tumours?
1. neuroimaging to define the extent of the lesion 2. surgery and or radiation 3. treat side effects
74
What are 5 things that are important to control in the management of brain tumors?
1. intracranial pressure 2. tissue damage 3. swelling 4. hemorrhage 5. hydrocephalus

PHTH 521 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions