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PHTH 521 > Infections and tumors > Flashcards

Infections and tumors Flashcards

1
Q

______ has more protection from infections than most of the body.

A

brain

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2
Q

Once past BBB, inflammation and infection are hard to control (T/F).

A

TRUE

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3
Q

____ ____ ____ cannot access brain easily due to the BBB.

A

white blood cells

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4
Q

CNS has __/__ of antibodies as compared to blood.

A

1/200

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5
Q

Meningitis is 10X more common in __________ countries.

A

underdeveloped

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6
Q

Bacterial ________ meningitis common in infants, people with suppressed immune systems, and college students who live in dorms.

A

meningoccal

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7
Q

___-___% of meningitis case are fatal.

A

10-15

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8
Q

What are the presentations of meningitis?

A
  1. fever and headache
  2. neck - lumbar - posterior thigh stiffness
  3. Brudzinski’s sign
  4. seizures
  5. vomiting
  6. focal CNS signs
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9
Q

_______ sign = flex neck –> hips and knees flex involuntarily

A

Brudzinski’s

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10
Q

Meningitis spreads ___ meningeal layers then cortex, leading to thrombosis, infarction, and scars.

A

3

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11
Q

In meningitis, ______ can lead to increase intracranial pressure.

A

edema

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of meningitis?

A
  1. bacterial

2. viral

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13
Q

When do you see viral meningitis? What causes it?

A

late teens and infirm; TB meningitis

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14
Q

_______ = infection of the brain or SC of infection of the brain parenchyma

A

encephalitis

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15
Q

What is the presentation of encephalitis ?

A
  1. headache, nausea, vomiting, agitation, meningeal irritation, stiffness
  2. loss of consciousness
  3. coma which may last weeks
  4. can result in focal brain damage
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16
Q

Encephalitis may impact the medial temporal lobes, leading to severe ______.

A

amnesia

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17
Q

Encephalitis can be caused by _______.

A

meningitis

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18
Q

_______ encephalitis = acute viral encephalitis caused by a viral infection.

A

primary

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19
Q

_____-_____ viruses often cause primary encephalitis.

A

mosquito-borne (such as west nile)

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20
Q

_______ encephalitis = acute disseminated encephalitis and is secondary to another viral infection.

A

secondary

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21
Q

Herpes simplex encephalitis causes ___% of all cases.

A

10

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22
Q

Encephalitis can deteriorate very fast, within hours (T/F).

A

TRUE

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23
Q

________ causes a cascade of cell necrosis, loss of plasma membrane, hemorrhagic necrosis, scarring.

A

encephalitis

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24
Q

What is included in the medical investigation of meningitis and encephalitis?

A
  1. MRI (check cerebral edema)
  2. Identiy viruses/culture bacteria
  3. EEG to manage seizure foci
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25
Q

How is meningitis and encephalitis Dx?

A

lumbar punctue

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26
Q

Do children or adults take longer to recover from meningitis and encephalitis?

A

children

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27
Q

_____-_____ disease = mis-folded protein, infection of motor system

A

creutzfeldt jakob disease

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28
Q

What is the presentation of creutzfeldt jakob disease?

A

often young adults 16-30, movement disorder/dementia, rapidly progressive after symptoms emerge, and FATAL

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29
Q

Pathology of creutzfeldt jakob disease = ________ infection

A

retrograde

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30
Q

How are you infected in creutzfeldt jakob disease ?

A
  1. ingestion

2. inhaled through nose

31
Q

What is the time course of incubation time?

A

5-8 years

32
Q

What are 4 PT concerns for brain infection?

A
  1. isolation protocol
  2. inter-cranial pressure = big concern
  3. possible behavioural change assessment
  4. outpatient: monitor changes
33
Q

____-______ may trigger or accelerate neurodegenerative disease.

A

cross-seeding

34
Q

What medical imaging technique would you want to use in order to determine how fast a tumour is growing?

A

PET scan

35
Q

Brain tumors are second to _____ in cause of death.

A

stroke

36
Q

Brain tumors have a ___% survivial rate.

A

50

37
Q

______-______ tumors significant cause of death in children.

A

infra-tentorial

38
Q

____-______ tumors often occur in adults.

A

supra-tentorial

39
Q

What are the two classifications of neoplasms?

A
  1. Intra-cerebral: primary tumours

2. Intra-cerebral: metastatic

40
Q

What are primary intra-cerebral tumors primarily caused by?

A

glial cells (glioma)

41
Q

What are interstitial intra-cerebral tumors primarily caused by?

A

breast, lung, prostrate

42
Q

How does the brain compensate for primary tumors?

A
  1. decrease volume of brain tissue
  2. decrease in CSF volume
  3. decrease in cerebral blood volume
43
Q

When the brain no longer can compensate for a brain tumor, ______ emerges.

A

symptoms

44
Q

What are the presentations of brain tumours?

A
  1. headache
  2. worse with cough, bend and exercise
  3. nausea and vomiting
  4. impaired cognition and behaviour changes
  5. location specific signs
  6. loss of consciousness
  7. seizures
45
Q

________ = swelling of the optic disc, where the optic nerve enters the eyeball, usual associated with an increase in intraocular pressure

A

papilledema

46
Q

Papilledema occurs in ___% of people with brain tumors.

A

75

47
Q

Stage 0 cancer?

A

cancer is where is started and hasn’t spread

48
Q

Stage I cancer?

A

cancer is small and hasn’t spread anywhere else; can detect symptoms

49
Q

Stage II cancer?

A

cancer has grown but not spread

50
Q

Stage III cancer?

A

cancer is larger and may have spread to surrounding tissues and/or lymph nodes

51
Q

Stage IV cancer?

A

cancer has spread from where it started to at least on other body organ

52
Q

Stage IV cancer is also known as?

A

secondary or metastatic cancer

53
Q

Grade __ glioma: cancer cels look very similar to normal cells and are growing slowly

A

I

54
Q

Grade __ glioma: cells don’t look like normal cells and are growing more quickly than normal

A

2

55
Q

Grade ___ glioma: cancer cells look very abnormal and are growing quickly

A

3

56
Q

What % of tumours are primary gliomas?

A

50

57
Q

Are gliomas more common in men or women?

A

men

58
Q

There are multiple known risk factors for gliomas (T/F).

A

FALSE (none known for sure)

59
Q

What are the two types of primary gliomas?

A
  1. Low grade and benign

2. Malignant

60
Q

______ _____ and ____ tumors = narrow zones of infiltration that are clearly outlined on diagnostic images

A

low grade and benign

61
Q

______ = diffuse zones of infiltration that can arise at any location in the CNS, but typical are in the cerebral hemisphere.

A

malignant

62
Q

Do malignant gliomas occur primarily in adults or children?

A

adults

63
Q

What are the three types of gliomas classified on where they originate from?

A
  1. astrocytomas
  2. oligodendroglioma
  3. medulloblastomas
64
Q

Are most oligodendroglioma benign or malignant?

A

malignant

65
Q

_______ are the most common infratentorial tumor.

A

medulloblastomas

66
Q

____ _____ almost always reoccur.

A

anapaestic astrocytoma

67
Q

___ ______ astrocytomas have a 100% survive rate if treated early.

A

low grade

68
Q

What are the two common sites of anaplastic astrocytoma?

A
  1. frontal lobe

2. temporal lobe

69
Q

_________ are located in the vermis of the cerebellum, are highly vascular, and spread though the sub arachnoid space.

A

medulloblastoma

70
Q

______ are common malignant tumors in children.

A

medulloblastoma

71
Q

Intraspinal tumors are __/__ as frequent as brain tumors.

A

1/6

72
Q

What are the sings of intraspinal tumors?

A

Root pain, worse at night when coughing

73
Q

What is the medical management of of brain tumours?

A
  1. neuroimaging to define the extent of the lesion
  2. surgery and or radiation
  3. treat side effects
74
Q

What are 5 things that are important to control in the management of brain tumors?

A
  1. intracranial pressure
  2. tissue damage
  3. swelling
  4. hemorrhage
  5. hydrocephalus

PHTH 521 (9 decks)

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