Neurodegenerative Disorders Flashcards
What are 2 neurodegenerative disorders under dementia?
- Alzheimer’s disease
2. Vascular cognitive impairment
What are 2 neurodegenerative disorders under the motor system?
- Amyotropic lateral scletosis
2. MS
______ ______ = amyloid protein processing occurs with age
AD
_____ = a mis-folded protein similar to a prion
amyloid
What are 3 vascular changes that could lead to vascular cognitive impairment?
- hypertension
- small haemorrhages
- atherosclerotic plaques
Familial cases of AD represent __-__% of AD.
5-10
Histological evidence of AD: increased number of neural plaques in the ______ ______.
cerebral cortex
In AD, neuritic processes surround central ______ core.
amyloid
What are 2 features associated with Alzheimers in terms of histological evidence?
- neurofibrillary tangles
2. massive cortical atrophy
Misshapen ____ occurs in neurofibrillary tangles.
tau
In AD, there is a decrease in the production of what NT?
ACh
Most patients with AD die of ________.
pneumonia
What are 4 ways that AD clinically presents?
- Personality changes
- Memory changes
- Difficulty learning
- Visuo-spatial may also be lost
_______ learned motor skills are preserved in AD.
implicitly
What are 2 standardized tests to monitor AD?
- Functional activities questionnaire
2. Mini-mental state exam
What are 4 PT concerns in AD?
- Prevent falls
- Retain motor activities
- Well being and to reduce restlessness (exercise)
- Support for caregivers
Vascular cognitive impairments is essentially an accumulation of ____-____,.
mini-strokes
VCI leads to degeneration of the ______ _____ lobes.
medial temporal lobes
Pt’s with VCI present with a ________ pattern of functional losses.
staircase
_______ = progressive motor neuron disease, most commonly an adult onset.
ALS
_____ = only disease that attacks the central and peripheral NS.
ALS
ALS = motor neuron disease of gradual deterioration with death of _____ and ______ motor neurons.
upper; lower
Does one lose sensation in ALS?
No
Most cases of ALS occur ______.
sporadically
ALS starts in the ________ and moves ______.
periphery; centrally
What is selectively spared in ALS?
- Sensory system
- Ocular motility and sacral parasympathetic
- Proximal spared/distal motor
- Motor control systems
- Intellectual processes
After there is a loss of UMN in ALS, there is _____ cell proliferation leading to a scar formation.
glial
What 3 things does astrocytosis cause in ALS?
- Secondary demyelination
- Axonal swelling, debris and sclerosis
- Damage to anterior horn cells of SC, brain stem and cerebral cortex
In ALS, viable MN attempt to ______.
compensate
What does LMN compensation look like in ALS?
- distal intramuscular sprouting
2. attempts at reinnervation
Attempts at reinnervation in ALS = enlarged ____ _____.
motor units
In ALS, paresis, hypotonia and primary muscle atrophy results in what 4 things?
- decreased resistance to passive movement
- absent deep tendon reflexes
- absent abdominal reflexes
- absent babinski sign
In ALS, primary atrophy leads to what 3 things?
- severe, irreversible muscle wasting
- fasciculations (muscle twitching)
- metabolic changes in skin and appendages
UMN damage in ALS leads to _______ and ____ movement patterns.
paresis; weak
What are 3 treatments for ALS?
- Rilutek antiglutamate
- Rehabilitation directed at complications of immobility
- Symptom relief
Does MS have a known cause?
No
The typical onset of MS is ___-___ years
20-40
____ is the most common cause of chronic disability in young adults.
MS
What areas of latitude has the highest prevalence of MS?
North america, europe and southern australia
Which ethnicities have the highest risk of MS? The lowest?
Northern europeans, US caucasians, Canadians; African and Asian descent
MS includes ____ and _____.
inflammation; degerneration
What are the 4 types of disease progression in MS?
- Relapsing/remitting MS
- Primary progressive MS
- Secondary progressive MS
- Progressive relapsing MS
What is the most common type of MS?
relapse-remitting
What is the name of the scale used to grade MS?
EDSS
Is a higher score on the EDSS better or worse?
Worse
What are the two symptoms of MS that usually cause people to go to the doctor to get checked out?
- Optic neuritis
2. Incontinence
What is a major symptom of MS?
weakness and fatigue
What is the disease modifying therapy for MS?
Beta interferon medications
PT management in MS is largely focused on _______ management.
symptom
___% of people with MS experience an increase in neurological signs and symptoms in the heat
80
Exercise benefits overall function in people with MS (T/F)
TRUE
