Neuropath

Question 1

T/F. Halicephalobus gingivalis is a nematode restricted to European northern countries.

Fatal infection in two Icelandic stallions caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis

Answer 1

False, it is widespread geographically.

Question 2

The most commonly affected organs are:
a) Smooth muscle and CNS.
b) Liver, spleen and kidneys.
c) Oral or nasal cavities and adrenal glands.
d) c and CNS, kidneys and lymph nodes.

Fatal infection in two Icelandic stallions caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis

Answer 2

d) Oral and nasal cavities, adrenal glands, CNS, kidneys and lymph nodes.

Question 3

What is the prognosis for horses infected with H. gingivalis in the CNS? Good with treatment / guarded / fatal.

Fatal infection in two Icelandic stallions caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis

Answer 3

Fatal.

Since it’s generally only diagnosed postmortem, unclear how commonly nonfatal infections occur.

Question 4

T/F. Halicephalobus gingivalis is a parthenogenic nematode.

Fatal infection in two Icelandic stallions caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis

Answer 4

True!

It also has a characteristic rhabditiform oesophagus, bc it belongs to the order Rhabditida.
Imp. distinguir el esófago.

Question 5

Histological examination in horses infected with H. gingivalis can reveal:
a) Gram-positive intracellular rod-shaped bacteria.
b) Negri bodies.
c) Presence of nematodes and mild mononuclear inflammatory cells.
d) Eosinophilic infiltrates.

Fatal infection in two Icelandic stallions caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis

Answer 5

c) Nematodes and mild mononuclear inflammatory cells.

a) is for Listeria monocytogenes and b) is for rabies!

Reactive changes were very mild in the 2 cases reported in the study. Multifocal malacia also observed.

Question 6

What is rarefaction?

Answer 6

Loss of normal architecture of brain parenchyma.

We can’t use the term malacia because it’s from gross observation, and means softening.

Question 7

Burkow’s robin’s space??

Question 8

What’s a giant cell?

Answer 8

Union of multiple macrophages.

Question 8

Gitter cells?

Answer 8

Activated macrophagues in the CNS.

Question 9

How is the loss of Nissl substance?

The pathology of wobbly hedgehog syndrome

Answer 9

Central chromatolysis.

Question 10

Vasogenic edema?

Answer 10

In the interstitium.

Question 11

Cytotoxic edema, where does the fluid accumulate?

Answer 11

Within the cell.

First in the vascular endothelial cells, and then in astrocytes.

Question 12

Interstitial edema, where does it happen?

Answer 12

Around the ventricular system.