Journal club

Question 1

T/F. The origin of focal seizures is limited to a single hemisphere of the brain. (Chawner 2023)

Answer 1

True.

Question 2

Common manifestations of focal seizures include: a) head, facial or limb twitches, b) constricted pupils, c) urination/defecation, d) all of the above. (Chawner 2023)

Answer 2

a) Twitches. Also hypersalivation and dilated pupils.

Question 3

T/F. In people, absence epilepsy manifests unilateral synchronous 3-5 Hz spike-wave. (Chawner 2023)

Answer 3

False. Bilateral.

Question 4

Is awareness affected during focal seizures? (Chawner 2023)

Answer 4

Variable to no impairment is possible.

Question 5

What are the definitive-intent radiotherapy options for intracranial neoplasms? (Strasberg 2024)

Answer 5

Conventionally fractionated RT (CFRT), stereotactic RT (SRT), and stereotactic radio surgery (SRS).

Question 6

How long after RT we can see RT-induced neurotoxicity due to demyelination? (Strasberg 2024)

Answer 6

Up to about 5 months after RT.

Question 7

T/F. For many dogs, lengthy courses of PO prednisone are avoidable after intracranial RT. (Strasberg 2024)

Answer 7

True. 84% of dogs were completely tapered off prednisone over a mean time of 41 days.

Question 8

T/F. The rapid-tapering protocol of steroids after RT is safe but the overall survival time is shorter than with slow-taper. (Strasberg 2024)

Answer 8

False. Overall survival time was similar for the 2 groups.

Question 9

Clinically, neurological conditions causing anisocoria include (Danciu 2024):
a) Horner syndrome
b) Idiopathic optic neuropathy
c) Pourtour du petit syndrome
d) All of the above.

Answer 9

A. Also, idiopathic OCULOMOTOR neuropathy, PourFour du petit, and asymmetrical midbrain lesions.

Question 10

What structure in the midbrain can cause anisocoria if asymmetrically affected? (Danciu 2024)

Answer 10

Nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (parasympathetic).

Question 11

What is the cerebellar artery most commonly affected with cerebrovascular ischemic infarcts? (Danciu 2024)

Answer 11

Rostral cerebellar artery.

Question 12

T/F. Ischemic infarcts affecting the interposital nucleus may cause reversible mydriasis in dogs. (Danciu 2024)

Answer 12

True. Ipsilateral.

Question 13

What are the 2 nerves that form the sciatic nerve?

Answer 13

Tibial and common peroneal nerves.

Question 14

T/F. Axonotmesis is characterized by transection of axons and perineurial connective tissue. (Dell’Apa 2024)

Answer 14

False. That is neurotmesis.

Question 15

The 3 types of nerve injury are: neurotmesis, …, …

Answer 15

Axonotmesis and neurapraxia.

Question 16

Which one of the 3 types of nerve injury are associated with a worse prognosis?

Answer 16

Neurotmesis.

Question 17

What is the second most common cause of sciatic nerve injury? (Dell’Apa 2024)

Answer 17

Complications from orthopedic surgery.

Question 18

T/F. In neurapraxia, there should be no axonal damage and no signs of denervation. (Dell’Apa 2024).

Answer 18

True, especially several days after the injury.

Question 19

What is the age over which performing thoracic rads may be of clinical importance in dogs with acute T3-L3 myelopathy? (Dell’Apa 2024)

Answer 19

12 years.

Question 20

T/F. The lack of tympanic membrane alterations cannot exclude a diagnosis of OM.
(Deleporte 2024)

Answer 20

True. Sensitivity of otoendoscopy is mild.

Question 21

T/F. Within the inner ear, the medial compartment is not accessible in cats.

Question 22

T/F

In some studies, a negative correlation was identified between midline shift and survival time in dogs.

Guy, 2024

Answer 22

Correct.

Suñol: surgical resection of meningiomas.
Beltrán: dogs with brain trauma.

Question 23

Dogs with midline shift secondary to structural brain disease on brain MRI had a _ _ _ _ _ survival time than dogs without midline shit, regardless of diagnosis.

Guy, 2024

Answer 23

Shorter.

This conclusion is most relevant for dogs diagnosed with neoplastic and inflammatory disease.

Question 24

Dogs presenting with acute onset paraplegia with _ _ _ _ of deep pain sensation and a T2 length RATIO greater than _ are more likely to develop PMM.

Nakamoto 2024

Answer 24

Loss. Six.

T2 length ratio: length of the hyperintense intramedullary area obtained by T2W MRI, measured and compared with the length of the lumbar 2 vertebral body.

Question 25

# There is a study that provides evidence that the use of extensive hemilaminectomy and durotomy IS / IS NOT associated with increased survival rate compared with dogs that undergo HL alone. | Nakamoto, 2024

Answer 25

It is.

Question 26

Where in the nervous system is the highest virus load in Western Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection? ## Footnote Carossino 2024

Answer 26

Brainstem and thalamus. ## Footnote These areas are critical for diagnostic sampling.

Question 27

T/F. A territorial infarct is a subcortical infarct located at the vascular territory of an intraparenchymal deep or supperficial perforating artery.

Answer 27

False. That's a lacunar infarct. A territorial infarct is located at the vascular territory of 1 of the main arterial supply to the brain. ## Footnote Comorbidities, long-term outcome and poststroke epilepsyassociated with ischemic stroke–A multicenter observationalstudy of 125 dogs

Question 28

T/F. Arterial spin labeling is a noninvasive MRI perfusion technique for quantitative evaluation of cerebral blood flow. ## Footnote Exploring brain perfusion in dogs with MUO

Answer 28

True.

Question 29

T/F. Dogs with MUO can have focal brain perfusion alterations and global brain hypoperfusion.

Answer 29

True, based on arterial spin labeling. ## Footnote Exploring brain perfusion in dogs with meningoencephalitis ofunknown origin:

Question 30

T/F. Arterial spin labeling can predict prognosis in dogs with MUO.

Answer 30

False, it failed to predict prognosis. ## Footnote Exploring brain perfusion in dogs with meningoencephalitis ofunknown origin.

Question 31

Based on the study by Dr. Steffen et al, non-ambulatory dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD that received surgical decompression and local application of methylpred achieved ambulation in how many days? ## Footnote Effect of local epidural application of methylprednisoloneacetate on time to ambulation in non-ambulatory dogs withthoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease: A prospectiverandomised, blinded control trial

Answer 31

Within a median of 3 days. ## Footnote Compared to 7 days in the control group.

Question 32

T/F. Local application of methylrednisolone acetate in combination with surgical decompression may lead to faster ambulation in non-ambulatory dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD. ## Footnote Effect of local epidural application of methylprednisoloneacetate on time to ambulation in non-ambulatory dogs withthoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease: A prospectiverandomised, blinded control trial

Answer 32

True. ## Footnote Anti-inflammatory properties of steroids may play a role in mitigating the inflammatory response and promoting faster recovery of SC conduction.

Question 33

T/F. 27% of the dogs in the neosporosis group had masticatory muscle changes, which were unilateral in all cases. ## Footnote Masticatory muscle changes on mRI of dogs with Neospora compared to MUO

Answer 33

False, they were bilateral and multifocal. ## Footnote Half were mild, half were severe.

Question 34

Neospora caninum is an obligate, intracellular protozoan parasite, with: a) Canine definitive host and bovine intermediate host. b) Canine and feline DH and bovine IH. c) Bovine DF and canine IH. d) Canine DH and equine IH. ## Footnote Masticatory muscle changes on mRI of dogs with Neospora compared to MUO

Answer 34

a) Canine definitive host and bovine intermediate host.

Question 35

Neospora caninum can affect both the central and peripheral nervous system. ## Footnote Masticatory muscle changes on mRI of dogs with Neospora compared to MUO

Answer 35

True. ## Footnote It can cause polyradiculoneuritis in puppies, meningoencephalomyelitis and necrotising cerebellitis in adult dogs, and polymyositis.

Question 36

Neospora caninum has a predilection for: a) Striated muscles. b) Smooth muscles. ## Footnote Masticatory muscle changes on mRI of dogs with Neospora compared to MUO

Answer 36

a) Striated muscles. ## Footnote It can cause myocarditis, enteritis, pneumonia, peritonitis and dermatitis.

Question 37

Acute myositis: muscles appear hypointense in T2W due to oedema and inflammatory infiltrates. ## Footnote Masticatory muscle changes on mRI of dogs with Neospora compared to MUO

Answer 37

False. They appear hyperintense in T2W.

Question 38

In chronic myositis, the muscle appears hyperintense on T1W and T2W if there is fat infiltration. How does it appear if there is fibrosis? a) Hyeprintense on T1W and T2W. b) Isointense to hypointense on T1W and T2W. c) Hyperintense on T1W and hypointense on T2W. ## Footnote Masticatory muscle changes on mRI of dogs with Neospora compared to MUO

Answer 38

B) Isointense to hypointense on T1W and T2W.

Question 39

Muscular changes in the MRI could aid in distinguishing between MUO and Neospora. ## Footnote Masticatory muscle changes on mRI of dogs with Neospora compared to MUO

Answer 39

Correct. | But small sample size! ## Footnote The absence of masticatory musscle changes ind ogs with imaging features consistent with meningoencephalitis does not exclude a possible infectious origin.

Question 40

What type of pleocytosis do we see with meningoencephalitis due to neosporosis? a) Mononuclear. b) Eosinophilic. c) Lymphocytic. ## Footnote Masticatory muscle changes on mRI of dogs with Neospora compared to MUO

Answer 40

Eosinophilic.

Question 41

What's the age of onset of neurological signs? a) Young dogs (10 w to 6 months). b) Adult dogs (10 months to 6 years). c) Elderly dogs (6 to 10 years). ## Footnote SLC25A12Missense Variant in Nova Scotia Duck TollingRetrievers Affected by Cerebellar Degeneration—MyositisComplex (CDMC)

Answer 41

a) 10 weeks to 6 months.

Question 42

The protozoal meningoencephalitis accounts for an estimated ....% of dogs diagnosed with meningoencephalitis in general: a) 10.2% b) 57% c) 0.5% d) 2.2% ## Footnote Masticatory muscle changes on mRI of dogs with Neospora compared to MUO

Answer 42

d) 2.2%. ## Footnote Treatment for at least 3 months and +/- checking the titers (JR does not check if bc of the huge variability of the titers).

Question 43

T/F. These dogs have cerebellar signs and generalized neuromuscular weakness. ## Footnote SLC25A12 Missense Variant in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers Affected by Cerebellar Degeneration—Myositis Complex (CDMC)

Answer 43

True. It became apparent after 1 month. ## Footnote But 1 month after birth or after development of ataxia and hypermetria?

Question 44

What's the candidate causative defect for the cerebellar degeneration-myositis complex (CDMC) in the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers? a) p.Pro446Neu variant b) p.Pro446Leu variant c) SLC25A12 variant d) SOD1 ## Footnote SLC25A12 Missense Variant in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers Affected by Cerebellar Degeneration—Myositis Complex (CDMC)

Answer 44

b) p.Pro446Leu variant. Aminoacid substitution: proline to leucine at position 446. | c is the protein variant. ## Footnote The CS in knockout mice were lethal (associated with CNS dysmyelination).