Neurooo Flashcards
What connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum?
Corpus callosum
What sense skips the internal capsule?
Smell / olfaction
What is the internal capsule?
White matter that connects cortex to brainstem
Lesions of this lobe causes reduced sense of olfaction
Piriform lobe
What sensation does not relay through the thalamus?
Olfaction / smell
_______ lobe is where pain and touch are perceived
Parietal lobe
Damage of the occipital lobe would result in ___________ although _________ can still be intact and normal
Cortical blindness + absent menace response
*** PLR can still be normal because its a reflex to the brainstem not occipital lobe
What are the 5 cortical lobes?
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Frontal
- Temporal
- Piriform
Which lobe contains the somatosensory cortex?
Parietal lobe
** detects body’s location in space - proprioception
A lesion in the parietal lobe would result in ____________
Loss of proprioception
*** Knucking test! Cant correct foot
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Initiating voluntary motor functions
Damage in the right side of the _____ lobe would result in inability to initiate movement of the right side of the body due to contralateral relay
Frontal lobe
R side damage = left side of body not working
Why is total deafness uncommon?
Because the cochlea projects sensory stimuli to both hemispheres
If unilateral damage of temporal lobe - reduced perception of sound but not total deafness
Which lobe houses the auditory cortex?
Temporal lobe
Which lobe has strong connections with the limbic system?
Piriform lobe
What makes up the corpora quadrigemina?
- Paired rostral colliculus ( visual reflexes)
- Paired Caudal colliculus (auditory reflexes)
The cerebellum connects to other parts of the CNS via nerve tracts called __________
cerebellar peduncles
What connects right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum?
Vermis
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinates and fine tunes movements
Controls RATE, RANGE, FORCE of movement
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Melatonin secretion, photo periodicity, circadian rhythm, estrus timing
Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, and Fornicating are the 4 F’s of the _______ system
Limbic
What is the primary blood supply to the spinal cord?
Ventral spinal artery
What is the secondary supply to the spinal cord?
Paired dorsal spinal arteries
What makes up the basilar artery?
When L + R vertebral a. combine with ventral spinal a.
- R vertebral a.
- L vertebral a.
- Ventral spinal a.
What is the cerebral arterial circle? What is it supplied by?
Area that supplies the cerebrum and cerebellum
Supplied by the basilar a. + internal carotid arteries
The subarachnoid space can be found between what 2 meninges?
Between arachnoid + pia matter
contains CSF
What is the difference between the meninges of the brain vs the spinal meninges?
Spinal meninges has a fat filled epidural space between dura mater and vertebrae
_________ are formed where the 2 dural layers seperate. The space created is called a __________
Dural reflections, sinus
The dorsal sagittal sinus is within the ___________
Falx cerebri
** in the longitudinal fissure between R + L hemispheres
The transverse sinus is within the __________
Tentorium cerebelli
*** Between cerebrum + cerebellum in the transverse fissure
What is falx cerebri?
Dural reflection between the R + L hemispheres
What is tentorium cerebelli?
Transverse dural reflection between cerebrum + cerebellum
Venous return from the brain is via the ____________
Dural sinuses into arachnoid villi
What layer of meninges lines the 4 ventricles?
Pia mater
Name the 4 ventricles
- (2) Lateral ventricles
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th ventricle
What produces the CSF?
Choroid plexus
Where is the choroid plexus found?
Within the ventricles
What is the enlargement of the subarachnoid space that can be used for CSF collection?
Cisterna Magna
**between cerebellum + brainstem
** near atlanto-occipital joint
The terminal tapering of the spinal cord is called the _________
Conus Medullaris
Nerves caudal to the conus medullaris are called _________
Cauda equina
**nerves present but no spinal cord at this point
What is the clinical significance of the conus medullaris?
IMPTTTT spot to take a CSF sample or give an epidural injection
*** giving injection caudal to conus medullaris avoids puncturing the spinal cord
Tapers at L6-L7 in dog
Afferent, sensory tracts are located _______ + _______ in the exterior funiculi of the spinal cord
DORSAL + LATERAL
EFFERENT, motor tracts are located _______ + ________ in the interior funiculi of the spinal cord
VENTRAL + LATERAL
Which spinal tracts are first to manifest disease?
Most superficial and myelinated tracts are first to manifest disease (Ex: proprioception)
**Deep pain is the last to be affected by compression and has a poor prognosis
What do you expect in an animal who has an intact crossed extensor reflex while laying down?
Lesion in spinal cord cranial to the reflex arc (cranial to brachial plexus or lumbar plexus)
Give an example of a monosynaptic reflex?
Patellar reflex
Give an example of a polysynaptic reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Stimulate biceps, inhibit triceps
Sympathetic innervation to the head and eyes…. Ex: Mydriasis/sweating on face is coming from what segment of nerves?
T1-T2
