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GA 2 > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CN I ?

A

Olfactory nerve

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2
Q

CN II ?

A

Optic n

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3
Q

CN III ?

A

Oculomotor n

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4
Q

CN IV ?

A

Trochlear n

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5
Q

CN V?

A

Trigeminal n

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6
Q

CN VI ?

A

Abducens n.

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7
Q

CN VII ?

A

Facial n.

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8
Q

CN VIII ?

A

Vestibulocochlear n

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9
Q

CN IX ?

A

Glossopharyngeal n

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10
Q

CN X ?

A

Vagus n

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11
Q

CN XI ?

A

Accessory n.

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12
Q

CN XII ?

A

Hypoglossal n.

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13
Q

Which nerve provides TASTE to the rostral 2/3 of the tounge?

A

Chorda tympani n - sensory branch off of facial n (CN VII)

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14
Q

What gives motor sensation to the caudal belly of the digastricus?

A

Facial n. (CN VII)

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15
Q

Where does the facial nerve enter? Exit?

A

Enters though INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS

Exits through STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN

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16
Q

What are the branches off of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Vestibular n. - sensory to hair cells of maculae and cristae (Balance)

Cochlear n. - sensory to organ of Corti (Hearing)

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17
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to __________

A

Parotid and Zygomatic salivary glands

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18
Q

What does CN XI supply motor innervation to?

A

COST

  1. Cleidocephalicus m
  2. Omotransversarius m.
  3. Sternocephalicus m.
  4. Trapezius m.
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19
Q

Which nerves leave the jugular foramen/tympano-occipital fissure?

A

CN IX, X, and XI

Glossopharyngeal n, Vagus n. Accessory n.

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20
Q

What gives motor innervation to the tounge?

A

CN XII - Hypoglossal n.

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21
Q

What nerve runs with the lingual artery? *****

A

Hypoglossal n (CN XII)

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22
Q

How does CN XII exit the skull?

A

Through the hypoglossal foramen, canal

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23
Q

What does the oculomotor n send parasympathetic fibers to?

A
  1. Pupillary sphincter m - reduces pupil diameter
  2. Ciliary m. - lens curvature
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24
Q

What does the facial n give parasympathetic innervation to?

A

PNS to Sublingual and Mandibular salivary glands, glands of tounge, lacrimal gland

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25
Q

What does CN IX give parasympathetic innervation to?

A

Glossopharyngeal n gives PNS to PAROTID and ZYGOMATIC salivary glands

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26
Q

Which cranial nerve provide parasympathetic innervation?

A
  1. CN III Oculomotor n.
  2. CN VII Facial n.
  3. CN IX Glossopharyngeal n.
  4. CN X Vagus n.
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27
Q

What sympathetic ganglion is found in the head?

A

Cranial cervical sympathetic ganglion

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28
Q

What are the branches off of the Trigeminal n. ?

A
  1. Ophthalmic branch
  2. Maxillary branch
  3. Mandibular branch
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29
Q

What is the caudal boundary of the oral cavity?

A

palatoglossal fold

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30
Q

Where is the oral vestibule located?

A

between teeth and lips/cheeks

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31
Q

What papillae are found on the rostral tounge?

A

filiform and fungiform papillae

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32
Q

What papillae are found on the caudal part of the tounge?

A

Vallate and conical papillae

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33
Q

What supplies taste to the rostral tounge?

A

chorda tympani off of facial n CVII

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34
Q

What supplied taste to the caudal part of the tounge?

A

Glossopharyngeal n IX

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35
Q

What supplies touch to the rostral tounge?

A

Lingual branch of of trigeminal n V

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36
Q

What are the 4 tounge muscles?

A
  1. Lingualis proprius
  2. Genioglossus
  3. Hypoglossus
  4. Styloglossus
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37
Q

What is the action of the styloglossus?

A

retracts and elevates the tounge

attaches to stylohyoid bone

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38
Q

What is the action of the genioglossus?

A

Protrudes the tounge and retracts the lips

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39
Q

What is the action of the hypoglossus?

A

Retracts and depresses the tounge

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40
Q

Where does the PAROTID gland drain?

A

In the ORAL VESTIBULE at upper PM4

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41
Q

Where does the zygomatic gland drain?

A

In the ORAL VESTIBULE at upper M1-M2

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42
Q

Where can the monostomatic sublingual gland be found and where does it drain?

A

Found rostral to the mandibular salivary gland

opens at the sublingual caruncle

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43
Q

What does the parotid lymph node drain?

A

superficial face dorsal to the palate

sends efferents to medial retropharyngeal LN

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44
Q

What does the mandibular lymph node drain?

A

VENTRAL superficial face and tounge

sends efferents to medial retropharyngeal LN

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45
Q

Where can you find the medial retropharyngeal lymphnode?

A

Between wing of atlas and larynx

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46
Q

Where is the palatine tonsil located? what covers it?

A

in the OROPHARYNX caudal to palatoglossal fold

covered by semilunar fold

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47
Q

Which muscles make up the hyoid apparatus?

A
  1. Geniohyoideus m.
  2. Mylohyoideus m.
  3. Sternohyoideus m.
  4. Thyrohyoideus m.
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48
Q

Which muscles of the hyoid apparatus PROTRACT the hyoid bone?

A
  1. Geniohyoideus m.
  2. Mylohyoideus m.
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49
Q

Which muscles of the hyoid apparatus RETRACT the hyoid bone?

A
  1. Sternohyoideus m.
  2. Thyrohyoideus m.
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50
Q

The sternohyoideus m. is innervated by

A

Hypoglossal n XII

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51
Q

The thyrohyoideus m is innervated by

A

Hypoglossal n XII

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52
Q

The mylohyoideus m is innervated by

A

Mylohyoid n off of Mandibular off of Trigeminal n (CN V)

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53
Q

The geniohyoideus m. is innervated by

A

Hypoglossal n XII

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54
Q

What attaches to the rostral cornu of the thyroid bone?

A

Rostral cornu attaches to the thyrohyoid bone

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55
Q

What does the caudal cornu of the thyroid bone attach to?

A

The cricoid cartilage

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56
Q

Which muscle constricts the pharynx?

A

Thyropharyngeus m

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57
Q

Which muscle retracts the larynx down the neck?

A

Sternopharyngeus m.

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58
Q

Which muscle PROTRACTS the larynx?

A

Thyrohyoideus m.

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59
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A
  1. Cricoarytenoideus lateralis m.
  2. Cricoartyenoideus dorsalis m.
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60
Q

What is the action of the Cricoartyenoideus dorsalis m.

A

ABDUCTS the vocal folds, opens the glottis

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61
Q

What is the action of the Cricoarytenoideus lateralis m.

A

ADDUCTS the vocal fold, closes the glottis

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62
Q

What nerve innervates the larynx?

A

Vagus n (CN X)

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63
Q

What gives motor innervation to the cricothyroideus m.?

A

Cranial laryngeal branch off of Vagus n (CN X)

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64
Q

What gives motor innervation the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m and cricoartyenoideus lateralis m. ?

A

caudal laryngeal nerve off of vagus n (CN X)

65
Q

the cranial laryngeal branch provides sensory innervation to _________

A

the supraglottic cavity cranial to the glottis

66
Q

the caudal laryngeal branch provides sensory innervation to _________

A

the infraglottic cavity, caudal to the glottis

67
Q

What happens if the vagus nerve is damaged?

A

Cant abduct vocal fold due to paralysis of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.

causes a ROARING noise

68
Q

What forms the roof of the oropharynx?

A

Soft palate

69
Q

What forms the floor of the nasopharynx?

A

soft palate

70
Q

What is the rostral boundary of the oropharynx?

A

Palatoglossal fold

71
Q

What is the caudal boundary of the oropharynx?

A

Palatopharyngeal folds

72
Q

Where is the opening of the auditory tube?

A

Nasopharynx

73
Q

What is the rostral boundary of the nasopharynx?

A

Choanae

74
Q

What is the caudal border of the nasopharynx?

A

Palatopharyngeal arches

75
Q

What is the rostral border of the laryngopharynx?

A

Palatopharyngeal arches / caudal soft palate

76
Q

What is the caudal border of the laryngopharynx?

A

pharyngoesophageal limen

77
Q

What are the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A
  1. Hyopharyngeus
  2. Thyropharyngeus
  3. Cricopharyngeus
78
Q

What muscle dilates the pharynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus m.

79
Q

What nerve supplies muscles of the pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal n (CN IX) and Vagus n (CN X)

80
Q

An inability to swallow and a lack of a gag reflex indicates damage to ________ nerve

A

Glossopharyngeal n (CN IX) and/or Vagus n (CN X)

81
Q

Why is the chorda tympani n. not able to be seen?

A

Runs inside of the LINGUAL n

82
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory only?

A
  1. Olfactory n. (CN I)
  2. Optic n. (CN II)
  3. Vestibulocochlear n (CN VIII)
83
Q

Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic innervation?

A

CN III

CN VII

CN IX

CN X

84
Q

What does CN III give motor innervation to

A
  1. Ventral oblique m.
  2. Dorsal rectus m.
  3. Ventral rectus m.
  4. Medial rectus m.
  5. Levator palpebrae superioris m.
85
Q

What does CN III give parasympathetic innervation to?

A
  1. Pupillary sphincter m. (reduces pupil diameter)
  2. Ciliary m.
86
Q

What does CN IV supply motor innervation to?

A

Dorsal oblique m.

87
Q

What does CN VI give motor innervation to?

A
  1. Lateral rectus m.
  2. Retractor bulbi m.
88
Q

Which nerves pass through the orbital fissue?

A

CN III

CN IV

Ophthalmic branch off Trigeminal n (CN V)

CN VI

89
Q

Where does the mandibular n exit the skull?

A

Oval foramen

90
Q

Where does the maxillary n exit the skull?

A

Round foramen and then out of rostral alar foramen

91
Q

What nerve give motor innervation to the muscles of mastication: Masseter m, Temporalis m., Pterygoid m. Cranial belly of digastricus

A

Mandibular branch off of Trigeminal (CN V)

92
Q

What gives sensory innervation to the medial aspects of the upper and lower eyelids?

A

Ophthalmic branch off Trigeminal n (CN V)

93
Q

What nerve gives sensation to the upper teeth and lips?

A

Infraorbital branch off of maxillary off of Trigeminal n (CN V)

94
Q

What are the branches off the mandibular n?

A
  1. Buccal n.
  2. Lingual n.
  3. Inferior Alveolar n.
  4. Mylohyoid n.
  5. Auriculotemporal n.

*** all sensory except mylohyoid n is mixed

95
Q

What are the branches off the maxillary n. ?

A
  1. Zygomatic n.
  2. Infraorbital n.
  3. Pterygopalatine n.
96
Q

What nerve gives sensation to the lower teeth and lips?

A

Inferior alveolar n off of mandibular off of Trigeminal n ( CN V)

97
Q

What does the auriculotemporal n innervate?

A

Sensory to the external ear

branch off of maxillary n.

98
Q

CN VII gives visceral motor (PSNS) to _________

A

Mandibular and sublingual salivary glands via chorda tympani

Lacrimal gland via major petrosal n.

stimulates secretions

99
Q

Where does CN VII enter and exit the skull?

A

Enters through internal acoustic meatus

Exits through stylomastoid foramen

100
Q

What is the function of the vestibular n ?

A

Sensory to hair cells - macule and cristae

IMPT for balance

101
Q

What is the function of the cochlear n?

A

Sensory to organ of corti

IMPT for hearing

102
Q

CN IX sends PNS fibers to ________

A

Parotid and Zygomatic salivary glands

to increase secretions

103
Q

CN IX provides motor innervation to _______

A
  1. Stylopharyngeus m

and other pharyngeal muscles with help from vagus n.

104
Q

Which nerves exit the skull via the jugular foramen and tympano-occipital fissure?

A

CN IX, X, and XI

Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and Accessory n.

105
Q

What does the lingual artery supply?

A

Tounge and palatine tonsil

106
Q

What is the only branch off of the common carotid artery?

A

Cranial thyroid a.

107
Q

What does the cranial thyroid artery supply?

A

Thyroid + parathyroid glands

Pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles

cervical trachea and esophagus

108
Q

Where is the carotid sinus found?

A

At the origin of the internal carotid a.

109
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery in order

A
  1. Occipital
  2. Lingual
  3. Facial
  4. Caudal auricular a.
  5. Superficial temporal a.

then name change to maxillary a.

110
Q

What is the terminating branch of the external carotid artery before the name change to maxillary artery?

A

Superficial temporal a.

111
Q

What gives blood supply to the caudal muscles of the skull?

A

Occipital artery

112
Q

What does the facial artery supply?

A

blood supply to lips and nose

113
Q

What gives blood supply to the external ear?

A

Caudal auricular artery

114
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the caudal auricular artery?

A
  1. Ear canal resection
  2. Aural hematomas
  3. Total ear ablation surgery
115
Q

What does the superficial temporal artery give blood supply to?

A
  1. Masseter m.
  2. Temporal m.
  3. Parotid salivary gland
116
Q

What are the branches of the maxillary artery?

A
  1. External ophthalmic a.
  2. Inferior alveolar a.
  3. Infraorbital a.
117
Q

What gives blood supply to the periorbita?

A

External ophthalmic a. off of maxillary off of external carotid

118
Q

what 2 veins join to form the external jug vein?

A

Maxillary and linguofacial veings

119
Q

What is the space between the incisors and canines called?

A

Interdental space

120
Q

What is the canine dental formula for an adult?

A

2 ( 3/3 I , 1/1 C , 4/4 P , 2/3 M ) = 42

121
Q

How many teeth does an adult dog have?

A

42

122
Q

How many teeth do an adult cat have?

A

30

123
Q

What is the FELINE dental formula for an adult?

A

2 ( 3/3 I , 1/1 C , 3/2 P , 1/1 M )

124
Q

What is the canine deciduous dental formula?

A

2 ( 3/3 I , 1/1 C , 3/3 P ) = 28

125
Q

The left upper canine in an adult dog is what number?

A

204

126
Q

How many upper molars are found in an adult dog? How many lower molars are found?

A

2 upper molars in each quadrant = 4 total

3 bottom molars in each quadrant = 6 total

127
Q

How many deciduous teeth are present in a cat?

A

26

128
Q

What is the feline deciduous teeth dental formula?

A

2 (3/3 I , 1/1 C , 3/2 P ) = 26

129
Q

What is normal occlusion in dog and cats?

A

upper incisors are slightly rostral to lower incisors

130
Q

What is it called when the pre molars dont touch/occlude?

A

carrying space

131
Q

What are supernumerary teeth?

A

Extra incisors and premolars

132
Q

What is the EQUINE dental formula for permanent teeth?

A

2 ( 3/3 I , C 1/1 , 3(4)/3 P , 3/3 M ) = 40-42

133
Q

What is the wolf tooth?

A

upper P1 of horses

not linked to sex, sometimes there sometimes not

134
Q

How many deciduous teeth does a baby horse have?

A

24

135
Q

What tooth is more commonly seen in male horses?

A

Canines more common in male horses

136
Q

What is the equine deciduous teeth formula?

A

2 ( 3/3 I , 3/3 P)

** NO CANINES

** NO MOLARS

6 incisors on top and bottom, 6 pre molars on top and bottom

137
Q

How many permanent teeth are present in ruminants?

A

32

138
Q

What is the dental formula for an adult ruminant?

A

2 ( 0/3 I , 0/1 C , 3/3 P , 3/3 M ) = 32

139
Q

How many deciduous teeth are found in ruminants?

A

20

140
Q

Where is the middle ear located?

A

Tympanic bulla

141
Q

Which part of the ear communicates with the nasopharynx via the auditory tube?

A

Middle ear

142
Q

Which muscle in the middle ear acts to decrease vibrations?

A

Stapedius m.

143
Q

What are consequences of otitis media?

A
  1. Loss of taste due to damage of chorda tympani n off facial n (CN VII)
  2. Impaired hearing
  3. Inability to equalize pressure due to auditory tube being blocked
144
Q

What structures are found in the membranous maze of the inner ear?

A
  1. Organ of hearing - cochlea
  2. Vestibular apparatus - semicircular canals, utricle, saccule
145
Q

Hairs of sensory cells on the Organ of Corti move and send signals to the brain via the _________ n

A

Cochlear n

146
Q

Damage to CN VIII would result in

A
  1. Head tilt
  2. Ataxia/ circling
  3. Nystagmus
  4. Loss of hearing
147
Q

Which species have a complete orbit?

A

Horse, cow, goat

*** dogs have incomplete orbit

148
Q

What are the functions of the orbit?

A

Protect the eye and structures around it

provides attachment for extrinsic m. of eyeball

149
Q

Where can the lacrimal gland be found?

A

under the orbital ligament

150
Q

What makes up the fibrous tunic?

A
  1. Sclera
  2. Cornea
151
Q

What makes up the vascular tunic?

A
  1. Iris
  2. Ciliary body
  3. Choroid
152
Q

What makes up the retina?

A
  1. Pigmented layer
  2. Neural layer
153
Q

What is the junction between the cornea and sclera?

A

Limbus = corneoscleral jxn

154
Q

What controls the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary m. and ciliary ligaments

155
Q

What regulates the size of the pupil?

A

Iris

156
Q

What maintains intraocular pressure?

A

Vitreous humor

157
Q

Drooping of the UPPER eyelid indicates damage to the _______ nerve

A

Oculomotor n (CN III) - lack of supply to levator palpebrae superioris m.

158
Q

The inability to blink indicates damage to _______ nerve

A

Palpebral branch off of auriculopalpebral off of Facial n (CN VII)

  • Lack of supply to orbicularis oculi m.

GA 2 (5 decks)

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