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Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Constitute the genetic, anatomic, trophic, and
functional units of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Have the capacity to receive impulses from receptor
organs or other neurons

A

Neurons

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3
Q

Have lost the capacity to undergo cell division

A

Neurons

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4
Q

Have the capacity to transmit impulses to other neurons or effector organs

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Consist of the cell body and its processes, dendrites, and a single axon

A

Neurons

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6
Q

the name given to the nerve cell and all its
processes

A

Neuron

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7
Q

excitable cells that are specialized for the
reception of stimuli and the conduction of the nerve impulse

A

neurons

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8
Q

Single neurite divides
a short distance from
cell body

A

Unipolar

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9
Q

Many dendrites and
one long axon

A

Multipolar

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10
Q

Single neurite
emerges from either
end of cell body

A

Bipolar

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11
Q

Single long axon

A

Golgi type I

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12
Q

Short axon that are
with dendrites resembling a star-
shape appearance

A

Golgi type II

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13
Q

Location of Unipolar

A

Posterior root
ganglion

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14
Q

Location of Bipolar

A

Retina, sensory
cochlea, and
vestibular ganglia

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15
Q

Location of multipolar

A

Fiber tracts of brain
and spinal cord,
peripheral nerves, and
motor cells of spinal
cord

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16
Q

Location of Golgi Type I

A

Fiber tracts of brain
and spinal cord,
peripheral nerves, and
motor cells of spinal
cord

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17
Q

Location of Golgi Type II

A

Cerebral and
cerebellar cortex

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18
Q

Also called the soma or perikaryon

A

NERVE CELL BODY

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19
Q

Contains the organelles found in other cells, including a large nucleus and a prominent nucleolus

A

NERVE CELL BODY

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20
Q

Has receptor molecules on its plasmalemmal surface that confer sensitivity to various neurotransmitters

A

NERVE CELL BODY

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21
Q

Is characteristic of nerve cells and consists of
rossettes of polysomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

NISSL SUBSTANCE

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22
Q

Plays role in protein synthesis

A

NISSL SUBSTANCE

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23
Q

Is abundant throughout the cytoplasm and dendrites but is not found in the axon hillock or in the axon

A

NISSL SUBSTANCE

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24
Q

Are membrane-bound dense bodies that contain
hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in the process of
intracellular digestion

A

LYSOSOMES

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25
Q

Removes metabolized substances in the
neuron

A

LYSOSOMES

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26
Q

A genetic defect in the synthesis of lysosomal enzyme
results in a storage disease

A

(Tay-Sachs disease [GM2
gangliosidosis])

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27
Q

Lysosomes exist in 3 forms

A

Primary lysosomes: which have just been
formed

o Secondary lysosomes: which contain
partially digested material
▪ Eventually will be needed to
remove from the neuron

o Residual bodies: in which the enzymes are
inactive and the bodies have evolved from
digestible materials

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28
Q

Form an internal supportive network, the
cytoskeleton

A

FILAMEONTOUS PROTEN STRUCTURES

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29
Q

Largest among the filamentous protein structures found in the neuron

A

Microtubules (25nm in diameter)

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30
Q

Are found in the cell body, dendrites and axons

A

Microtubules (25nm in diameter)

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31
Q

Crucial in the development and maintenance of cell shape

A

Microtubules (25nm in diameter)

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32
Q

Responsible for the intracellular transport of peptide vesicles and organelles

A

Microtubules (25nm in diameter)

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33
Q

Second largest among the filamentous protein
structures

A

Neurofilaments (10nm in diameter)

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34
Q

Consists of spiral protein threads that play a role in
developing and regenerating nerve fibers

A

Neurofilaments (10nm in diameter)

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35
Q

Degenerate in Alzheimer’s disease to form
neurofibrillary tangles

A

Neurofilaments (10nm in diameter)

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36
Q

Are composed of actin

A

Microfilaments (5nm in diameter)

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37
Q

Facilitate movement of plasma membrane and
growth of nerve cell processes

A

Microfilaments (5nm in diameter)

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38
Q

Pigmented inclusions of cytoplasm that accumulate with aging

A

Lipofuscin (lipochrome granules)

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39
Q

considered residual bodies derived from
lysosomes

A

Lipofuscin (lipochrome granules)

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40
Q

A blackish pigment in the neurons of the substancia nigra and locus ceruleus

A

Neuromelanin (melanin)

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41
Q

Disappears from the substancia nigra and the locus ceruleus in Parkinson’s disease

A

Neuromelanin (melanin)

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42
Q

Are eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
found in the substancia nigra in patients with
Parkinson’s disease

A

Lewy bodies

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43
Q

Are intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies found in the
hippocampus in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Hirano bodies

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44
Q

Are intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies found in people
with rabies

A

Negri and lyssa bodies

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45
Q

Are processes that extend from the cell body

A

DENDRITES

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46
Q

Contain cytoplasm similar in composition to that of
the cell body, however no Golgi apparatus is present

A

DENDRITES

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47
Q

Conduct in a decremental fashion but may be capable
of generating action potentials

A

DENDRITES

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48
Q

Receive synaptic input and and transmit it toward the
cell body

A

DENDRITES

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49
Q

Arise from either the cell body or a dendrite

A

AXONS

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50
Q

Originate from the axon hillock (devoid of Nissl
substance)

A

AXONS

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51
Q

Give rise to the collateral branches

A

AXONS

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52
Q

May be myelinated or unmyelinated

A

AXONS

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53
Q

Generate, propagate, and transmit action potential

A

AXONS

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54
Q

End distally in terminal boutons in synapses with neurons, muscle cells, and glands

A

AXONS

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55
Q

Consists of axons and their glial investments

A

NERVE FIBERS

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56
Q

Are classified by function, fiber size, and conduction velocity

A

NERVE FIBERS

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57
Q

Is the name given to an axon (or dendrite) of a nerve
cell

A

NERVE FIBERS

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58
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers found in the central nervous
system are often referred to

A

nerve tracts

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59
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers found in the peripheral
nervous system are called

A

peripheral nerves

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60
Q

Diameter

Ia (Aα)

A

12-20

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61
Q

Diameter

IB (Aα)

A

12-20

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62
Q

Diameter

II (Aβ)

A

5-12

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63
Q

Diameter

III (Aδ)

A

2-5

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64
Q

Diameter
IV (C)

A

0.5-1

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65
Q

Diameter
Alpha (Aα)

A

12-20

66
Q

Diameter
Gamma (Aγ)

A

2-10

67
Q

Diameter
Preganglionic
autonomic
fibers (B)

A

<3

68
Q

Diameter
Postganglionic autonomic
fibers (C)

A

1

69
Q

CV

Ia (Aα)

A

70-120

70
Q

CV

IB (Aα)

A

70-120

71
Q

CV

II (Aβ)

A

30-70

72
Q

CV

III (Aδ)

A

12-30

73
Q

CV

IV (C)

A

0.5-2

74
Q

CV

Alpha (Aα)

A

15-120

75
Q

CV

Gamma (Aγ)

A

10-45

76
Q

CV

Preganglionic
autonomic
fibers (B)

A

3-15

77
Q

CV

Postganglioni
c autonomic
fibers (C)

A

2

78
Q

Proprioception, muscle

spindles

A

Ia (Aα)

79
Q

Proprioception, golgi tendon

organs

A

IB (Aα)

80
Q

Touch, pressure, and

vibration

A

II (Aβ)

81
Q

Touch, pressure, fast pain,
and temperature

A

III (Aδ)

82
Q

Slow pain and temperature,
unmyelinated fibers

A

IV (C)

83
Q

Alpha motor neurons of

ventral horn

A

Alpha (Aα)

84
Q

Gamma motor neurons of

ventral horn

A

Gamma (Aγ)

85
Q

Myelinated preganglionic
autonomic fibers

A

Preganglionic
autonomic
fibers (B)

86
Q

Unmyelinated
postganglionic autonomic
fibers

A

Postganglioni
c autonomic
fibers (C)

87
Q

Sometimes referred to as the insulator of the nerve
fiber; responsible for conducting the appropriate
nerve impulses to the different areas of the body

A

MYELIN SHEATH

88
Q

Transmission of nerve impulses is amplified
by the myelin because it uses

A

saltatory
conduction

Current jumps from one node of Ranvier to
the other

89
Q

Myelin sheath Is produced in the PNS by

A

Schwann cells

90
Q

Myelin Sheath Is produced in the CNS by

A

by oligodendrocytes

91
Q

Myelin sheath Is interrupted by the

A

the node of Ranvier

92
Q

Consists of a spirally wrapped plasma membrane

A

MYELIN SHEATH

93
Q

The smaller axons of the central nervous system, the
postganglionic axons of the autonomic part of the
nervous system, and some fine sensory axons
associated with the reception of pain are

A

nonmyelinated

94
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, each axon which is
usually less than 1 nm in diameter, indents the
surface of the Schwann cell so that it lines within a

A

trough

95
Q

In the central nervous system, nonmyelinated nerve
fibers run in small groups and are not particularly
related to the

A

oligodendrocytes

96
Q

Are the sites of functional contact of a nerve cell with
another nerve cell, an effector cell, or a sensory
receptor cell

A

SYNAPSES

97
Q

Consists presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, and
postsynaptic membrane

A

SYNAPSES

98
Q

axons communicating with
dendrites of another neuron

A

Axodendritic:

99
Q

axon communicating directly
with nerve cell body of another neuron

A

Axosomatic:

100
Q

axon directly communicating to
the axon of another neuron

A

Axoaxonic:

101
Q

dendrites communicating
to dendrites of another nerve cell body

A

Dendrodendritic:

102
Q

Arise non-neuronal cells of the PNS and the CNS

A

NEUROGLIA

103
Q

Neuroglia Abundant in the __

A

CNS

104
Q

Neurons are __, while neuroglia
serve to __

A

Functional, support

105
Q

Neuroglia arise from

A

the neural tube and neural crest

106
Q

capable of miotic cell division throughout adult
life

A

NEUROGLIA

107
Q

best revealed by gold and silver impregnation
stains

A

NEUROGLIA

108
Q

Neuroglia classification

A

Macroglia (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)
Microglia
Ependyma

109
Q

Are the largest glial cells

A

ASTROCYTES

110
Q

Consist of fibrous astrocytes, which are found mainly
in white matter, and protoplasmic astrocytes which
are found mainly in gray matter

A

ASTROCYTES

111
Q

Play a role in the metabolism of certain
neurotransmitters (GABA, serotonin, glutamate)

A

ASTROCYTES

112
Q

Buffer the potassium concentration of the
extracellular space

A

ASTROCYTES

113
Q

Contain glial filaments and glycogen granules as their
most characteristic cytoplasmic components

A

ASTROCYTES

114
Q

In damaged areas of the brain, form glial scars, a
condition called

A

gliosis

115
Q

Are the processes that form the external glial limiting
membrane and the internal glial limiting membrane

A

ASTROCYTIC END FEET

116
Q

surrounds capillaries

A

Perivascular end feet:

117
Q

surrounds neurons

A

Perineural end feet:

118
Q

marker
for astrocytes

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

119
Q

Like lipofuscin granules
Residual bodies of the astrocytes

A

GLYCOGEN GRANULES

120
Q

Small glial cells with few short processes

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES

121
Q

Lack glial filaments and glycogen granules

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES

122
Q

myelin-forming cells of the CNS; one
oligodendrocyte can myelinate numerous (up to 30)
axons

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES

123
Q

Do not have glycogen granules and glial filaments
o Present in astrocytes

A

Do not have glycogen granules and glial filaments
o Present in astrocytes

124
Q

Oligodendrocyte consist of

A

o Interfascicular oligodendrocytes: found in
white matter
o Satellite cells: found in gray matter

125
Q

Arise from monocytes, which enter the CNS via
abnormal blood vessels

A

MICROGLIA (HORTEGA CELLS)

126
Q

Are activated by inflammatory and degenerative
processes

A

MICROGLIA (HORTEGA CELLS)

127
Q

Are macrophages, which are migratory and
phagocytize debris of nerve tissue
o Garbage collectors among the neuroglial
cells

A

MICROGLIA (HORTEGA CELLS)

128
Q

Line the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

A

EPENDYMAL CELLS

129
Q

Possess cilia only in embryologic stages in man that
originate from blepharoplasts (basal bodies), which
can be stained by phosphotungstic acid-hamatoxylin
(PTAH)

A

EPENDYMAL CELLS

130
Q

Include choroid epithelial cells of the choroid plexus
and tanycytes of the third ventricles; the choroid
plexus cells produce CSF and are interconnected by
tight junctions that constitute the blood-CSF barrier

A

EPENDYMAL CELLS

131
Q

Are derivatives of the neural crest

A

SCHWANN CELLS (NEUROLEMMAL CELLS)

132
Q

Are myelin-forming cells of the PNS; a Schwann cell
myelinates only one internode (only one peripheral
axon)

A

SCHWANN CELLS (NEUROLEMMAL CELLS)

133
Q

Invest all unmyelinated axons of the PNS

A

SCHWANN CELLS (NEUROLEMMAL CELLS)

134
Q

Function in regeneration and remyelination of
severed axons in the PNS

A

SCHWANN CELLS (NEUROLEMMAL CELLS)

135
Q

Are separated from each other by the node of Ranvier

A

SCHWANN CELLS (NEUROLEMMAL CELLS)

136
Q

Majority of the tumors in the nervous system (CNS) are arising from

A

neuroglial cells

137
Q

Gliomas Are derived from the 3 glial cells:

A

astrocytes,oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes

138
Q

Result from proliferation of glioblasts, embryonic precursors

A

TUMORS OF THE NEUROGLIAL CELLS (GLIOMAS)

139
Q

Represent 50% of primary intracranial tumors

A

TUMORS OF THE NEUROGLIAL CELLS (GLIOMAS)

140
Q

Benign astrocytomas

A

Astrocytomas

141
Q

Malignant astrocytomas (GBM)

A

Gliobastomamultiforme (most
malignant)

142
Q

Developed in vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Schwanommas

143
Q

Occurs toward the proximal end of an axon, including the cell body

A

RETROGRADE DEGENERATION

144
Q

Reaction begins__ days or sooner after injury and
reaches a maximum in about __ days

A

RETROGRADE DEGENERATION

2, 20

145
Q

RETROGRADE DEGENERATION Involve

A

o Disappearance of Nissl substance
(chromatolysis)
o Swelling of the cell body
o Flattening and displacement of the nucleus
from central location to the periphery

146
Q

Occurs toward the distal end of the axon
* Takes place in both the PNS and the CNS

A

ANTEROGRADE (WALLERIAN) DEGENERATION

147
Q

Characterized by successive fragmentation and
disappearance of axons and myelin sheaths and by
secondary proliferation of Schwann cells

A

ANTEROGRADE (WALLERIAN) DEGENERATION

148
Q

Nerve supply towards the skeletal muscles will be
affected and may cause atrophy in the long term

A

ANTEROGRADE (WALLERIAN) DEGENERATION

149
Q

A myelinated peripheral nerve fiber consists of an
axon, a myelin sheath and its basement membrane,
and a delicate connective sheath, the endoneurium

The severed distal nerve fiber maintains its integrity
and provides a tube of basement membrane and
endoneurium into which an axon sprout grows

A

REGENERATION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVE FIBER

150
Q

Schwann cells proliferate along a degenerating axon
and myelinate a new axon sprout, which grows at the
rate of

A

3 mm/day

151
Q

If the path of regenerating axons is blocked, a
traumatic neuroma forms at the

A

site of obstruction
(amputation neuroma)

152
Q

No basement membranes or endoneurial
investments surround axons of the CNS

A

REGENRATION OF AXONS IN THE CNS

Effective regeneration does not occur in the CNS

153
Q

Interruption of certain CNS pathways results in
degeneration of denervated elements

A

TRANSSYNAPTIC (TRANSNEURONAL) DEGENERATION

154
Q

Responsible for transporting all newly synthesized
membranous organelles (vesicles) and precursors of
neurotransmitters at the rate of

A

FAST ANTEROGRADE TRANSPORT

200-400 mm/day

155
Q

FAST ANTEROGRADE TRANSPORT

mediated by

A

microtubules and kinesin (fast transport
is microtubule dependent)

156
Q
  • Facilitates the transport of mitochondria
  • Occurs at the rate of
A

50 - 100 mm/day

FAST MITOCHONDRIA TRANSPORT

157
Q

Is responsible for transporting cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic elements at the rate of

A

SLOW ANTEROGRADE TRANSPORT
1-5 mm/day

158
Q

from cell body towards the
axon down to its terminal ends

A

Anterograde:

159
Q

Transports neurofilaments and microtubules

A

SLOW ANTEROGRADE TRANSPORT

160
Q

FAST RETROGRADE TRANSPORT

Returns used materials from the axon terminal to the
cell body for degradation and recycling at the rate of

A

100-200 mm/day

161
Q

Transport nerve growth factor and neurotropic
viruses and toxins

A

FAST RETROGRADE TRANSPORT

162
Q

FAST RETROGRADE TRANSPORT

is mediated

A

by microtubules and dynein

Neuro (5 decks)

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