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Neuro > Neuroembryology > Flashcards

Neuroembryology Flashcards

1
Q

Major milestones

A

Gastrulation
Neural Induction and Neurulation
Neurogenesis/Neuronal Proliferation
Cell Migration
Development of Axons and Dendrites
Synaptogenesis and Pruning
Myelination
Formation of Neural Circuitries

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2
Q

Nervous system develops between _ and _

A

4 weeks and adulthood

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3
Q

Brain weight at birth

A

800 g

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4
Q

Brain weight at 6 y/o

A

1200 g

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5
Q

Brain weight at adult

A

1400 g

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6
Q

_% of birth associated with major malformation of the CNS

A

3

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7
Q

_% spontaneous aborted fetus

A

75

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8
Q

_% of infants who die within the 1st yr of life have major CNS malformations

A

40

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9
Q

Conceptus wk

A

1-2

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10
Q

Embryonic development wk

A

3-8

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11
Q

Fetal period wk

A

9-38

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12
Q

Loss happens on

A

Conceptus

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13
Q

Major abnormalities happen on

A

Embryonic development

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14
Q

Functional and Minor abnormalities happen on

A

Fetal period

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15
Q

Early developmental process in which an embryo transforms from 1 dimensional layer of epithelial cells (blastula) and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional (glastula)

A

Grastulation

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16
Q

Formation of trilaminar from bilaminar disc

A

Gastrulation

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17
Q

Gastrulation happens on wk

A

3

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18
Q

Gastrulation give rise to

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Primitive node and streak

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19
Q

Process before gastrula

A

Zygote
Blastomere
Morula
Blastocyst
Blastula
Gastrula

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20
Q

Neural tissue appears at __wk

A

3rd

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21
Q

Embryo is composed of 3 primary germ layers

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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22
Q

Ectoderm forms

A

CNS,skin

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23
Q

Mesoderm forms

A

Connective tissue, muscles, vascular structures, bone marrow, portions of internal organ

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24
Q

Endoderm forms

A

Lungs, liver, and gut

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25
Q

Establishes the basic body plan of all vertebrae
–midline axis, bilat sym, rostral and caudal ends, dorsal and ventral surfaces

A

Primitive streak

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26
Q

Defines the rostral direction
–as the node regresses, a notochordal process develops in the area rostral to it and somites begin to form on either side of the notochord

A

Primitive node/Hensen’s node

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27
Q

Induces epiblast cells to form neuroectoderm

A

Notochord

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28
Q

A process of cell to cell signaling by which the underlying mesoderm induces the ectoderm to become neuroectoderm and form the neural plate, giving rise to most of the nervous system

A

Induction

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29
Q

Neural induction takes place in the

A

ectoderm of the head process overlying the notochord

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30
Q

Neural induction starts about the

A

16th to 17th day of intrauterine life

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31
Q

Neuroectodermal induction is d/t

A

Hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters

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32
Q

Notochord came from

A

axial mesoderm, day 16 - beginning of 4thweek

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33
Q

Directs the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate

A

Induction (noggin & chordin)

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34
Q

Notochord defines the longitudinal axis by

A

production of cell adhesion molecules

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35
Q

Determine the orientation of the vertebral column

A

Notochord

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36
Q

Persist as the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk

A

Notochord

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37
Q

Neural plate is formed on

A

Day 18

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38
Q

Neural fold is formed on

A

Day 20

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39
Q

Slipper-shaped plate of thickened ectoderm

A

Neural plate

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40
Q

Located in the mid dorsal region in front of the primitive gut

A

neural plate

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41
Q

Lateral edges become elevated to form the neural folds

A

Neural plate

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42
Q

Neural folds become more elevated, approach each midline and fuse to form the

A

neural tube

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43
Q

Neural folds form on Day

A

20

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44
Q

Day 21 neural folds touching each other forms the

A

neural tube

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45
Q

Primitive streak emerges as a groove at the

A

caudal (lower part) pole of the embryo

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46
Q

Primitive node emerges in the

A

cranial pole (upper part)

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47
Q

Epiblast cells moving along the primitive streak and the nodes form the

A

3 germ layers

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48
Q

Thickening of the ectoderm forms the

A

Neural plate in the cranial pole

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49
Q

Primitive streak in the caudal part initiates the

A

Gastrulation

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50
Q

Somites are made up of

A

Mesodermal cells

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51
Q

Somites could be seen on

A

20th days

52
Q

Somites give supports to

A

neural folds, which are the precursors of the vertebrae

53
Q

Closure of the neural tube proceeds

A

bidirectionally

54
Q

Fusion begins at the

A

center at the developing neural tube then proceed like a closing a double headed zipper

55
Q

Unclosed cephalic portion & caudal part of the neural tube are called the

A

anterior and posterior neuropores

56
Q

The lumen or the opening of the neural tube is open to the

A

Amniotic Cavity Rostrally and Caudally

57
Q

The neuropores will close at __ days

A

24 Cranial; 26 Caudal

58
Q

A process by which the neural plate folds over itself and fuses in a zipperlike fashion to become a neural tube

A

Neurulation

59
Q

The process by which the brain and most of the spinal cord are formed

A

Primary neuralation

60
Q

__ begins when the notochord induces the overlying embryonic ectoderm to form a neural plate (day __) and ends by Day __

A

Neurulation, Day 18, Day 28

61
Q

The process by which the caudal parts of the spinal cord are formed

A

Secondary Neuralation

62
Q

Duration of Secondary Neuralation

A

Day 20 - 42

63
Q

Mass of cells that develop in the caudal part of the neural tube and it enlarges eventually becomes continuous with the neural tube

A

Caudal Eminence

64
Q

Primary vs secondary neuralation

Initial epithelium

A

P

65
Q

Primary vs secondary neuralation

Columnarization

A

P

66
Q

Primary vs secondary neuralation

Rolling/folding

A

P

67
Q

Primary vs secondary neuralation

Closure

A

P

68
Q

Primary vs secondary neuralation

Dispersed Mesenchyme

A

S

69
Q

Primary vs secondary neuralation

Mesenchymal condensation

A

S

70
Q

Primary vs secondary neuralation

Medullary cord/neural rod

A

S

71
Q

Primary vs secondary neuralation

Epithelial Transition

A

S

72
Q

Ant neural pore failure to close

A

anencephaly 5:500000

73
Q

Posterior neural pore failure to close

A

Spina bifida 1:1000

74
Q

Defective primary neuralation aka

A

Dysraphic defects

75
Q

Anterior neuropore Failure to close

A

Anencephaly
Encephalocoele/Cranial bifidum
Chiari I malformation

76
Q

Posterior neuropore Failure to close

A

Spina bifida oculta
Spina bifida aperta
Spina bifida Cystica

77
Q

Disorder of dorsal induction

A

Spinal Dyraphism

78
Q

Minor fusion failure of posterior vertebral arches unaccompanied by herniation of meninges or neural tissue

A

Spina bifida occulta

79
Q

Collectively designates meningocele, myelomeningocele, and other cystic lesion

A

Spina bifida cystica

80
Q

Anencephaly __ times more in female than in male newborns

A

37

81
Q

Anencephaly screening

A

sAFP

82
Q

Prevention of anencephaly

A

folic acid

83
Q

One month after the fertilization,in which the anterior pore closes, there is a rapid development of neural tissues in the cranial region, the three primary vesicle is formed

A

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

84
Q

Rhobencephalon and the spinal cord junction, __ flexure will be formed

A

Cervical

85
Q

Second flexure at the level of mesencephalon

A

Mesencephalic flexure

86
Q

Between the 4th and 8th weeks, the brain folds sharply at:

A

Mesencephalic, Pontine, Cervical flexures

87
Q

During the __ week, further subdivisions of the brain vesicle creates 5 secondary vesicle

A

5th week

Prosencephalon - Telencephalon, Diencephalon
Mesencephalon - Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon - Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

88
Q

Forms as an outpocketing of the forebrain and expand enormously with its complex lobes, gyri, and sulci

A

Telencephalon

89
Q

Telencephalon later on become

A

Cerebrum, basal ganglia, and diencephalon

90
Q

Second month of gestation, mesoderm is forming

A

Facial structures

91
Q

Process of forebrain development

A

Ventral Induction

92
Q

Rhombencephalon is divide into

A

Metencephalon rostrally, Myelencephallon caudally

93
Q

Diencephalon turn into

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, Pineal body, Infundibulum, Optic Cup

94
Q

Mesencephalon turn into

A

Tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri

95
Q

Metencephalon turn into

A

Pons, Cerebellum

96
Q

Myelencephalon turn into

A

medulla oblongata

97
Q

Cavity of Telencephalon

A

Lateral Ventricle

98
Q

Cavity of diencephalon

A

Third Ventricle

99
Q

Cavity of Midbrain

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

100
Q

Cavity of Metencephalon

A

Upper 4th Ventricle

101
Q

Cavity of Myelencephalon

A

Lower 4th Ventricle

102
Q

The lumen of the neural tube persist as the

A

Ventricular system of the adult brain

102
Q

Condition in Diencephalon

hypoplasia of optic n. and thalamus
Absence of septum pellucidum

A

septo-optic dysplasia

103
Q

Cavities of the telencephalic vesicles become the

A

Lateral ventricles

104
Q

Diencephalic cavity becomes the

A

3rd ventricle

105
Q

Rhombencephalic Cavity becomes the

A

4th ventricle

106
Q

Mesencephalic Cavity becomes the

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

107
Q

Opening between the third ventricle and the lateral ventricle

A

Intraventricular Foramina/ Foramen of Monroe

108
Q

Foramen that arises from the caudal part of the 4th ventricle

Communication between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid

A

Foramen of Magendie (median aperture)

109
Q

Lateral Aperture

A

Foramen of Lushka

110
Q

CSF is produced by the

A

choroid plexuses of the lateral third ventricles

111
Q

CSF escapes the ventricular system through

A

4th ventricle, passes through subarachnoid space, absorbed by the arachnoid villi

112
Q

Ventricular system is lined by

A

Inner ependyma of cells, outer pia mater

113
Q

Problem in formation of the ventricular system

A

Congenital Hydrocephalus

114
Q

Peak time of neuronal proliferation

A

3-4 mo

115
Q

Sites of proliferation

A

Ventricular and subventricular zone

116
Q

Proliferative units are produced by

A

symmetrical divisions of stem cells

117
Q

Proliferative units later enlarge by

A

asymmetrical division of the stemcells before migration

118
Q

Blast cells (pluripotential) multiply in __ region producing ___

A

Periventricular reigion, neuroblast & glioblast

119
Q

As the cells undergo their last division, they will now begin to migrate way from the periventricular area on the __ cell

A

Transient glial cell

120
Q

Guide the migration

A

Transient glial cell/ Radial glial cells

121
Q

Peak time of neuronal migration

A

3-5 months

122
Q

Cerebrum neuronal migration

A

redial migration: Cerebral cortex, deep nuclei

123
Q

Cerebellum neuronal migration

A

Radial migration: Purkinje cells, dentate nuclei
Tangetial migration: external—internal granule cells

124
Q

Synaptic reduction

A

pruning

Neuro (3 decks)

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