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Neuro > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellum unconsciously influences the

A

smooth contraction of voluntary
muscles and carefully coordinates their actions, together with the
relaxation of their antagonists

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2
Q

Each cerebellar hemisphere controls

A

muscular movements on the
same side of the body and the cerebellum has no direct
pathway to the lower motor neurons but exerts its control via the
cerebral cortex and the brainstem

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3
Q

control of posture and voluntary movements

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

Cerebellum location

A

Posterior Cranial Fossa

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5
Q

Largest part of the Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum

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6
Q

Cerebellum lies posterior to the

A

fourth ventricle, the pons,
and the medulla oblongata

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7
Q

Three main lobes of the cerebellum

A

the anterior lobe,
the middle lobe, and the flocculonodular lobe

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8
Q

seen on the superior surface of the
cerebellum

A

Anterior lobe

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9
Q

Anterior lobe is separated to the middle lobe by a wide V-shaped fissure

A

primary fissure

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10
Q

Associated lobule to the ant. lobe

A

Quadrangular Ala of Central lobule

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11
Q

largest part of the cerebellum

A

Middle lobe

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12
Q

middle lobe is situated between the

A

primary and uvulonodular fissures

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13
Q

Associated lobule of the middle lobe

A

Simplex
Superior semilunar
Inferior semilunar
Biventral
Tonsil

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14
Q

lies posterior and inferior to, separated bu

A

anterior lobe, primary fissure tonsil

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15
Q

Cerebellar tonsils lie just lateral to the
medulla and, if displaced by pressure, can compress the medulla,
causingg death

A

tonsillar herniation

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16
Q

flocculonodular lobe is situated posterior to the

A

uvulonodular
fissure

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17
Q

Associated lobule of the flocculonodular lobe

A

Flocculus nodule of the vermis

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18
Q

Flocculus is separated from the middle lobe
by

A

posterolateral fissure

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19
Q

Significance of the flocculonodular lobe

A

involved in balance by communicating
with vestibular system

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20
Q

atrophic in alcoholics

A

Anterior lobe

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21
Q

composed of an outer covering of gray matter called the __
and__

A

cortex, inner white matter

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22
Q

Embedded in the white matter of each hemisphere are three
masses of gray matter forming the

A

intracerebellar nuclei

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23
Q

Each fold or folium contains a core of white matter covered
superficially by gray matter

A

Cerebellar Cortex

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24
Q

3 layers of gray matter

A

an external layer, the molecular layer
a middle layer, the Purkinje cell layer
an internal layer, the granular layer

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25
Q

molecular layer contains two types of neurons

A

outer stellate cell and the inner basket cell

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26
Q

These neurons are scattered among __
and numerous thin axons that run parallel to the long axis of
the folia. __ are found between these structures

A

dendritic arborizations, Neuroglial cells

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27
Q

flask shaped and are arranged in a single layer.

A

Purkinje cells are large Golgi type I

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28
Q

At the base of the Purkinje cell, the axon arises and
passes through the ___ to enter the white
matter

A

granular layer

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29
Q

Collateral branches of the Purkinje axon make synaptic
contacts with the dendrites of __of the granular layer in the same area or in
distant folia.

A

basket and stellate
cells

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30
Q

Granular layer is packed with small cells with densely staining nuclei
and scanty cytoplasm. Each cell gives rise to __
dendrites, which make claw-like endings and have
synaptic contact with __

A

4/5, mossy fiber input

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31
Q

Granular layer

The axon of each granule cell passes into the __
layer, where it bifurcates at a __junction , the
branches running parallel to the long axis of the
__

A

molecular layer, T , cerebellar folium

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32
Q

run at right angles
to the dendritic processes of the Purkinje cells.

A

parallel fibers

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33
Q

influences the movements of the long axis of the
body , namely, the neck, the shoulders, the thorax, the
abdomen, and the hips

A

Vermis

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34
Q

to control the muscles of the distal parts of the
limbs, especially the hands and feet.

A

intermediate
zone of the cerebellar hemisphere

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35
Q

Immediately lateral to the vermis is a so-called

A

intermediate
zone of the cerebellar hemisphere

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36
Q

concerned with the planning of sequential movements of
the entire body and is involved with the conscious
assessment of movement errors.

A

lateral zone of each cerebellar hemisphere

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37
Q

Intracerebellar Nuclei

A
  • Dentate, Globus & Emboliform, Fastigial
38
Q

: largest, lateral-most deep nucleus

A

Dentate Nucleus

39
Q

Dentate Nucleus Input & Output

A

Input: Lateral Hemisphere
Output: SCP

40
Q

Globose Nuclei & Emboliform nucleus collectively

A

Interposed nucleus

41
Q

Interposed Nucleus Input & Output

A

Input: Paravermin
Output: SCP

42
Q

medial-most deep nucleus

A

Fastigial Nucleus

43
Q

Fastigial Nucleus
Input & Output

A

Input: Vermis
Output: juxtarestiform body
of the inferior cerebellar peduncles

44
Q

closely resembles the trunk and branches of a tree and thus is
termed

A

arbor vitae

45
Q

amount of white matter in each cerebellar hemisphere. The
white matter is made up of three groups of fibers:

A

intrinsic, afferent, efferent

46
Q

do not leave the cerebellum but connect
different regions of the organ. Some interconnect folia of the
cerebellar cortex and vermis on the same side; others connect
the two cerebellar hemispheres together

A

Intrinsic fibers

47
Q

form the greater part of the white matter
and proceed to the cerebellar cortex. They enter the cerebellum
mainly through the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles

A

Afferent fibers

48
Q

constitute the output of the cerebellum and
commence as the axons of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar
cortex

A

The efferent fibers

49
Q

two main lines
of input to the cortex and are excitatory to the Purkinje cells

A

climbing and the mossy fibers

50
Q

terminal fibers of the olivocerebellar tracts

A

climbing fibers

51
Q

terminal fibers of all other cerebellar
afferent tracts.

A

mossy fibers

52
Q

The deep cerebellar nuclei receive afferent nervous
information from two sources:

A

the inhibitory axons from the Purkinje cells of the
overlying cortex

the excitatory axons that are branches of the afferent
climbing and mossy fibers that are passing to the
overlying cortex.

53
Q

the excitatory climbing and mossy afferent fibers use

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

54
Q

other afferent fibers entering the cortex liberate

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

55
Q

superior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to

A

midbrain

56
Q

middle cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to
the

A

pons

57
Q

the inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum
to the

A

medulla oblongata

58
Q

arise from nerve cells in the
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes of the
cerebral cortex and descend through the corona radiata
and internal capsule and terminate on the pontine nuclei

A

corticopontine fiber

59
Q

The pontine nuclei give rise to the

A

transverse fibers of the
pons

cross the midline and enter the opposite
cerebellar hemisphere as the middle cerebellar peduncle

60
Q

arise from nerve cells in the frontal, parietal, temporal, and
occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex and descend
through the corona radiata and internal capsule to
terminate bilaterally on the inferior olivary nuclei

A

Cerebro-olivocerebellar pathway

61
Q

Cerebro-olivocerebellar pathway

give rise to fibers that cross the midline and enter the
opposite

A

cerebellar hemisphere through the inferior
cerebellar peduncle.

These fibers terminate as the
climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex

62
Q

arise from nerve cells from many areas of the cerebral
cortex, particularly the sensorimotor areas.

A

Cerebroreticulocerebellar Pathway

63
Q

They descend to terminate in the reticular formation on
the same side and on the opposite side in the pons and
medulla

A

Cerebroreticulocerebellar Pathway

64
Q

This connection between the cerebrum and the
cerebellum is important in the control of voluntary
movement

A

Cerebroreticulocerebellar Pathway

65
Q

anterior spinocerebellar tract

A

enter: PRG> Nucleus dorsalis of Clarke @ base of PGH
Cross opp side in contralat white column
Enter cerebellum via SCP
Terminate as mossy fibers

upper and
lower limbs.

66
Q

posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Posterolat of lat white column
ascend to medulla oblongata
Enter in ICP
Terminate as mossy fibers

trunk and lower
limbs

67
Q

cuneocerebellar tract

A

terminate as mossy fibers in the cerebellar
cortex.

Collateral branches that end in the deep cerebellar
nuclei are also given off

upper limb and upper part of
the thorax

68
Q

The vestibular nerve sends many afferent fibers directly to
the cerebellum through the

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle on
the same side

69
Q

receives information from the inner ear concerning motion
from the semicircular canals and position relative to gravity
from the utricle and saccule

A

Cerebellar Afferent Fibers From the
Vestibular Nerve

70
Q

vestibular afferent fibers pass

A

first to the vestibular
nuclei in the brainstem, where they synapse and are relayed
to the cerebellum

All the afferent fibers from the inner ear terminate as mossy
fibers in the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum.

71
Q

Axons of neurons in the globose and emboliform nuclei
travel through the

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

72
Q

the globose and emboliform nuclei influence

A

motor
activity on the same side of the body.

73
Q

Axons of neurons in the dentate nucleus travel through
the superior cerebellar peduncle and cross the midline to
the opposite side in the decussation of the

A

superior
cerebellar peduncle.

74
Q

dentate nucleus can influence

A

motor activity by acting on the motor neurons of
the opposite cerebral cortex; impulses from the motor
cortex are transmitted to spinal segmental levels
through the corticospinal trac

75
Q

the dentate nucleus is able to

A

coordinate muscle
activity on the same side of the body

76
Q

The axons of neurons in the fastigial nucleus travel
through the

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle and end by
projecting on the neurons of the lateral vestibular
nucleus on both sides

77
Q

The fastigial nucleus exerts a facilitatory influence
mainly on the

A

ipsilateral extensor muscle tone

78
Q

The axons of neurons in the fastigial nucleus travel
through the

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

79
Q

Fastigial Reticular Pathway influence

A

spinal segmental
motor activity through the reticulospinal tract

80
Q

produce sudden, severe symptoms and signs,
patients can recover completely from large cerebellar injuries.
other CNS areas can compensate for loss of cerebellar function

A

Acute lesions

81
Q

such as slowly enlarging tumors, produce
symptoms and signs that are much less severe than those of
acute lesions. The reason for this may be that other CNS areas
have time to compensate for loss of cerebellar function

A

Chronic lesions,

82
Q
  • muscles lose resilience to palpation. There is
    diminished resistance to passive movements of joints. Shaking the
    limb produces excessive movements at the terminal joints. The
    condition is attributable to loss of cerebellar influence on the
    simple stretch reflex
A

Hypotonia

83
Q

Postural Changes and Alteration of Gait

A

head is often rotated and flexed, and the shoulder on the side
of the lesion is lower than on the normal side.

The patient assumes a wide base when he or she stands and is
often stiff legged to compensate for loss of muscle tone. When the
individual walks, he or she lurches and staggers toward the
affected side

84
Q

Tremor occurs
when fine movements, such as buttoning clothes, writing, and
shaving, are attempted. Muscle groups fail to work harmoniously,
and there is decomposition of movement

A

Ataxia/Disturbances in Voluntary movement

85
Q

is the inability to perform alternating
movements regularly and rapidly

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

86
Q

essentially an ataxia of the ocular muscles, is a
rhythmical oscillation of the eyes

A

Nystagmus,

87
Q

cerebellar disease because of ataxia of the
muscles of the larynx

A

Dysarthria

88
Q

The most common cause of vermis
syndrome is a__ of the vermis in children.
Involvement of the flocculonodular lobe results in signs and
symptoms related to the vestibular system. There is a tendency to
fall forward or backward. There is difficulty in holding the head
steady and in an upright position

A

Vermis Syndrome, medulloblastoma

89
Q

This rhythmic oscillation of the eyes may be of the same rate in
both directions

A

pendular nystagmus

90
Q
A

Neuro (5 decks)

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