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Med Neuro Block 1 > Neuron Structure > Flashcards

Neuron Structure Flashcards

0
Q

Neuron

A

basic building blocks of the nervous system

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1
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

neurons are individual cells
dynamic polarization
connectional specificity

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2
Q

3 basic parts of a typical neuron

A

Cell body/soma
Dendrites
Axon

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3
Q

What is contained in the soma?

A

nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles
Nissl substance
neurofilament

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4
Q

What is Nissl substance?

A

Rough ER

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5
Q

Where is Nissl substance absent?

A

axon hillock

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6
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

major receptive sites for synapses

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7
Q

Dendritic trunks

A

continuations of the soma

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8
Q

What are the parts of a dendrite?

A

trunks
fields
spines

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9
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

major effector site for synapses:

conducts action potenials

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10
Q

What are the parts of an axon?

A

Initial segment
axolemma
axoplasm
axon collaterals

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11
Q

Initial segment

A

initiation of action potentials

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12
Q

axolemma

A

surface membrane of axon

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13
Q

axoplasm

A

no ribosomes or RER

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14
Q

Unipolar cell

A

Intervertebrate neuron

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15
Q

Bipolar cell

A

bipolar cells of the retina

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16
Q

Pseudo-unipolar cell

A

Ganglion cell of dorsal root

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17
Q

Multipolar cells

A

Motor neuron of spinal cord
Pyramidal cells of hippocampus
Purkinje cell of cerebellum

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18
Q

Golgi Type I

A

Projected neurons

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19
Q

Golgi Type II

A

Interneurons

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20
Q

Size and shape of the soma is related to:

A

length and number of processes

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21
Q

Subcellular organelles of neurons

A

plasma membrane
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
RER

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22
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

membrane turnover

23
Q

What are Lipofuscin granules?

A

Large end-stage lysosomes
normal aging
accumulated in dementia

24
Q

What is accumulated in dementia patients?

A

Lipofuscin granules

25
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

maintaining the shape of neurons and their processes

26
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Neurofilaments
Microfilament

27
Q

What is most abundant in the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments

28
Q

________ binds ATP and polymerize to form filamentous ________

A

G actin; F actin

29
Q

Microfilaments have a _________ (+) end, and a __________ (-) end resulting in a _______________.

A

fast-growing; slow-growing; treadmilling effect

30
Q

Cytochalasins

A

depolymerize F actin

31
Q

Phalloidin

A

stabilizes F actin

32
Q

What blocks the turnover of microfilaments and what is the result of doing such?

A

Cytochalasins and phalloidin

Threatens cell viability

33
Q

Microfilaments

A

5-8 nm diameter

polar ATPases

34
Q

Neurofilaments

A

10 nm diameter

nonpolar

35
Q

Where are neurofilaments present?

A

In cytoplasm of cell bodies, dendrites and axons

36
Q

Neurofibrils

A

aggregates visible at the light microscopic level

37
Q

Characteristic of Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

38
Q

Microtubles

A

20-25 nm diameter
polar, GTPases
made of 13 protofilaments: chains of tubulin (alpha & beta)

39
Q

Which way are the microtubules in axons pointed?

A

(+) ends are pointed away from the soma

40
Q

Which way are the microtubules in dendrites pointed?

A

proximally: mixed polarity
distally: (+) end point toward the postsynaptic site (away from soma)

41
Q

Antimitotic chemo drugs

A

Taxol (stabilizes microtubules)

Colchicine (depolymerizes microtubules)

42
Q

Microtuble-associated proteins (MAPS)

A

stabilize microtubules against abnormal disassembly

mediate interaction of microtubles with other cell components

43
Q

High molecular weight MAPS

A

Kinesin

Dynein

44
Q

Low molecular weight MAPS

A

Tau proteins

45
Q

Kinesin

A

transport toward the (+) end of microtubules
2 heavy chains: bind to microtubules and ATP
2 light chains: bind to other cell components

46
Q

Dynein

A

transport toward the (-) end of microtubules
2 or 3 heavy chains
variable number of light and intermediate chains

47
Q

Tau proteins

A

found in neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer’s Disease patients

48
Q

What is the site of macromolecular and organellar synthesis?

A

soma

49
Q

What are the types of axoplasmic transport?

A

Slow axonal transport: axoplasmic flow
Fast anterograde axonal transport
Fast retrograde axonal transport

50
Q

Components of microtubules and neurofilaments, as well as, soluble proteins move by what kind of transport?

A

Axoplasmic flow/slow axonal transport: Slower component

51
Q

Actin and calmodulin move by what type of transport?

A

Axoplasmic flow/slow axonal transport: Faster component

52
Q

What type of transport is blocked by colchicine?

A

Fast anterograde axonal transport

53
Q

Fast anterograde transport is ____________, relies on ___________, and transports ______________.

A

ATP-dependent; microtubules and kinesin; subcellular organelles

54
Q

What type of transport relies on microtubules and cytoplasmic dyein?

A

fast retrograde axonal transport

55
Q

Fast retrograde transport is responsible for transporting what?

A

cell components for degradation, growth factors, viruses, toxins, experimental tracers

56
Q

Which type of transport is typically the fastest?

A

Fast anterograde axonal transport

Med Neuro Block 1 (11 decks)

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